Pension Plans as Plaintiffs - 800 Pound Gorilla of Litigation

Just a reminder that our webinar entitled "Pension Plans as Plaintiffs - 800 Pound Gorilla of Litigation" will be held on May 12, 2009 from 2:00 PM EST to 3:30 PM EST. Our esteemed speaker panel includes:
  • Dr. Susan Mangiero, AIFA, AVA, CFA, FRM - Moderator and President, Pension Governance, Incorporated
  • Attorney James Baker - Speaker and Partner, Jones Day
  • Attorney Daniel Berger - Speaker and Partner, The Pomerantz Law Firm
  • Attorney Jay McElligott - Speaker and Partner, McGuire Woods LLP.

Since the passage of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, pension plans in the U.S. and abroad continue to play the role of lead plaintiff. Empirical evidence suggests that their presence can often impact litigation terms such as settlement amunt and timing. Hear experts talk about (a) when, and on what basis, pensions are likely to serve as lead plaintiff (b) what happens when a pension plan opts out of settlement (c) trend in sequential lawsuits (ERISA first, followed by securities litigation complaints (d) relationship between fiduciary liability insurance costs and litigation damages and (e) globalization of class action litigation that involves pension plaintiffs. 

Email PG-Webinars@pensiongovernance.com or click here for more information 

Harvard Law School Presentation About Pension Litigation

 

Back from several speaking engagements (governance is a hot topic these days), I'll be chairing a session about pension litigation at the Harvard Law School on Friday, May 1. Part of the "Capital Matters: Managing Labor's Capital Conference" that spans several days, "Litigation to Remedy Meltdown Damage: What Can Be Gained, What Can Be Learned?" will include comments from Attorney Jeffrey C. Block, Partner, Berman DeValerio and Professor of Law Allen Ferrell, Harvard Law School. 

I will have much more to say about pension litigation trends in the next few days. In case you missed it, our ERISA litigation study may be of interest. Click here to access "ERISA Litigation Study: April 15, 2009."

New ERISA Litigation Study Launched

As part of its ongoing commitment to independent research, analysis and training, Pension Governance, Incorporated and its PensionLitigationData.com partner, The Michel-Shaked Group, are proud to debut a new study about pension litigation statistics for plan sponsors, their service providers, legal counsel and policy-makers, respectively.

Based on over 2,400 ERISA cases filed between January 1, 2005 and August 31, 2008, "ERISA Litigation Study - April 15, 2009" is a statistical overview of pension lawsuits by category, court and case disposition.

The study's findings include the following:

  • ERISA lawsuits are increasing in number and complexity in terms of combinations of allegations.
  • Nearly every case in the PensionLitigationData.com database is categorized as including an allegation of fiduciary breach.
  • ERISA litigation volume was highest for the 2nd, 3rd and 6th federal circuit courts.
  • A majority of ERISA-related lawsuits settled out of court.
  • Numerous cases examined reflect an ERISA Section 502 claim. (ERISA Section 502 relates to civil enforcements.)
  • Some legal venues favored plaintiffs in terms of the reported outcome.

PensionLitigationData.com ("PLD") is a subscription searchable database of pension litigation events. Focused on finance and investment issues, PLD includes cases posted since January 1, 2005. New cases are added on an ongoing basis. Over 100 various identifier codes are used to cross-classify cases, enabling subscribers to search by keyword, circuit, plaintiff, defendant and a host of other relevant attributes. Recognizing the need to simplify an otherwise complex process, PensionLitigationData.com provides litigators, regulators, policy-makers, plan sponsors and their financial advisors and consultants with a user-friendly interface and the wherewithal to gather critical intelligence about litigation activity. Interested parties can email Support@PensionLitigationData.com for more information about customized research projects.

Enron Redux? Pension Plans as Plaintiffs

According to the Stanford Law School Securities Class Action Clearinghouse, several cases against Washington Mutual, Inc. were consolidated in May 2008. Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan Board was designated lead plaintiff. The "complaint alleges that, during the Class Period, defendants issued materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company's business and financial results....On September 30, 2008, defendant Washington Mutual Inc. filed a notice of bankruptcy."

According to "Suing a Broken Bank" (CNN Money, March 30, 2009) and other sources, a motion to dismiss has since been filed.

Elsewhere in this video, I am asked by CNN Money anchor Poppy Harlow to comment on financial reporting as an element of risk management. (I agreed to discuss transparency in general but told producers upfront that I possessed no information about this particular case, other than what I had read as a member of the general public.) About allegations that material information was withheld from shareholders (whether this case or others), I stated that "It's essentially the same thing that we saw a couple years ago with Enron and WorldCom - Who knew what, when and on what basis and what was the obligation of senior management to disclose information to the shareholders?" Click to view "Suing a Broken Bank." In terms of full disclosure, I own 212 shares of Enron common (worth about a penny per share).

I wrote about Washington Mutual on September 26, 2008 when I posited whether better disclosure would have helped WaMu shareholders. At the time, the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission had just released a statement urging more "transparent disclosure for investors." I countered that "sufficient" news is always welcome but wondered (and still do) if numbers alone are meaningful. I think not. Let me repeat what I said then.

<< What exact type of disclosure can really make a difference? I vote for information about process and accountability. Otherwise, financial statement users end up with snapshot assessments of mandated metrics. While these numbers could be potentially helpful, they are made less so without an understanding as to how they are derived, why they change and the extent to which an organization is exposed to economic danger. A few of the countless questions on the minds of inquiring individuals are shown below. (This is by no means an exhaustive list.)

  • Who has the authority to effect change for all things financial management?
  • Who oversees authorized persons and the latitude they enjoy to make decisions?
  • How are risk drivers identified, measured and managed on an ongoing basis?
  • What creates "stop loss" threshholds?
  • How are functional risk managers compensated? >>

In addition to their already long "to do" list regarding asset allocation, plan design and so forth, countless pension fiduciaries are charged with corporate governance related duties such as monitoring. After all, they are frequently large shareholders in public companies stateside and abroad. It is interesting to note that most securities litigation leads are either public pension funds (U.S. and non-U.S.) or Taft-Hartley plans but not ERISA funds. Why this is true is one of the questions that will be discussed during our April 27, 2009 webinar entitled "Pension Plans as Plaintiffs - 800 Pound Gorilla of Litigation." Click here to register.

Pension Governance, Inc. Schedules Two Live Webinars About Pension Litigation

Pension Governance, Incorporated, an independent research, analysis and training company, is pleased to announce a top-notch roster of legal and fiduciary experts, each of whom will address the changing landscape of litigation as relates to plan sponsors. Click http://www.pensiongovernance.com/webinars.php?PageId=58&PageSubId=59 to learn more about “Pension Fiduciaries in the Hot Seat – What to Avoid & How to React if Sued” to be held on April 14, 2009 from 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM EST and “Pension Plans as Plaintiffs – 800 Pound Gorilla of Litigation” to be held on April 27, 2009 from 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM EST.

Learn why pension plans are a force in the legal arena, how both corporate governance and investment governance practices are fast-changing as a result, what can be done to manage litigation exposure and the link between litigation and fiduciary liability risk.

Who Should Attend: Public pension plan trustees, ERISA fiduciaries, pension analysts, asset managers, financial advisors, actuaries, consultants, securities litigation attorneys, pension attorneys, board members

Speakers for “Pension Fiduciaries in the Hot Seat – What to Avoid & How to React if Sued,” scheduled for April 14, 2009 (2:00 PM to 3:30 PM EST):

  • Dr. Susan Mangiero, AIFA, AVA, CFA, FRM - Moderator and President, Pension Governance, Incorporated
  • Mr. Richard Haran, Jr. - Speaker and Vice President, Chubb & Son
  • Attorney Marla J. Kreindler - Speaker and Partner, Winston & Strawn LLP
  • Attorney Stephen Rosenberg - Speaker and Partner, The McCormack Firm, LLC
  • Attorney Joshua Sternoff - Speaker and Partner, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, LLP

Speakers for “Pension Plans as Plaintiffs – 800 Pound Gorilla of Litigation,” scheduled for April 27, 2009 (11:00 AM to 12:30 PM EST):

  • Dr. Susan M. Mangiero, AIFA, AVA, CFA, FRM - Moderator and President, Pension Governance, Incorporated
  • Attorney James Baker - Speaker and Partner, Jones Day
  • Attorney Daniel Berger - Speaker and Partner, The Pomerantz Law Firm
  • Attorney Jay McElligott - Speaker and Partner, McGuire Woods LLP

Email PG-Webinars@pensiongovernance.com or visit  http://www.pensiongovernance.com/webinars.php?PageId=58&PageSubId=59 to register for one or both of these exciting webinars. Additionally, registrants are entitled to a 10% discount off a subscription to www.pensionlitigationdata.com.

Risk Management for Corporate Counsel

I am pleased to announce my participation as part of the February 26, 2009 Lexis Nexis Corporate Counsel Series. According to the official program site, the 60-minute Webcast will focus on critical corporate governance and risk assessment issues that pertain to in-house company attorneys. Click here to register for what promises to be an interesting and timely event.

I've excerpted information about panelists below. I hope you can join us.

  • Susan Mangiero, Financial Analyst, Risk Assessment and Valuation Expert -  Susan has over 20 years of experience in capital markets, global treasury, asset-liability management, portfolio management, economic and investment analysis, derivatives, financial risk control and valuation. She has worked for organizations such as the General Electric Company, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Bank of America, and Bankers Trust.
  • Lynn Brewer, Ethics Expert and Author of Confessions of an Enron Executive: A Whistleblower's Story - Lynn was responsible for Risk Management in Energy Operations at Enron, worked in forensic accounting, and spent 18 years as a legal professional in private practice until she joined Ralston Purina, where she worked in Corporated Development for the General Counsel and Chief Financial Officer.
  • Jason Greenblatt, Executive Vice President and General Counsel. The Trump Organization - Jason is involved in a large number of transactions worldwide, including deals with major financial institutions, Fortune 500 companies, governmental agencies, and joint venture partners.

Company Stock Case Outcome Favors Employer

Hat tip to attorney Janell Grenier and creator of BenefitsBlog for her nice write-up about Bunch v. W.R. Grace & Co. Savings and Investments Plan. The nature of the case differs from what some experts refer to as "stock drop cases" because plaintiffs asserted that the fiduciaries were at fault for not holding onto the stock. (In contrast, a "stock drop" case typically reflects a situation wherein (a) company stock is a defined contribution investment choice (b) the price of the company stock drops and (c) investment committee members (among others) are sued for allegedly not monitoring the "riskiness" of the company stock and its "suitability" as a 401(k) plan choice.)

Attorney Grenier describes the case as a "roadmap" for other corporate defendants who seek guidance with respect to "prudent process and procedures" they should follow in tracking company stock as a plan investment choice. Among other things, the court positively acknowledge that (excerpting from Attorney Grenier's blog):

  • Appointed fiduciaries recognized a potential conflict of interest by making a decision about the prudence of the company stock as a viable investment choice.
  • The plan sponsor appointed an independent fiduciary to assist.
  • Financial and legal advisors were made available to assist the independent fiduciary.
  • Plausible reasons for divesting company stock were documented.
  • Plan participants were made aware of the sponsor's decision to remove company stock as an investment choice but also told that the situation would be monitored and that circumstances might result in a changed decision, later on.

The Court's decision, on appeal, refuted the plaintiff's assertion that market price should have been a determinant of the decision as to whether to divest or not, adding that prudent process trumps. Specifically, "(T)he test of prudence -- the Prudent Man Rule --  is one of conduct, and not a test of performance of the investment."

Not being an attorney, I would never offer legal commentary. From an economic perspective, howerver, this case is noteworthy for any plan sponsor but perhaps more so for companies that have seen stock prices plunge, forcing questions of "suitability" for a 401(k) plan.

Editor's Notes:

  • One of the two independent experts "specifically cited by the First Circuit as having been hired by the investment manager to advise it" - Goodwin Procter LLP - has its own write-up about the case in its February 3, 2009 Financial Services Alert.
  • Attorney Steve Rosenberg has a nice piece about the original case adjudicated in the United States District Court, District of Massachusetts. Click to read the January 30, 2008 "Findings and Rulings" in which the "Court holds that State Street and Grace did not breach their fiduciary duties when making the decision to divest the Plan of the Grace Stock Fund." Click to read "The Benefits of Relying On Investment Managers" by Stephen D. Rosenberg, February 7, 2008.

Troubled Pensions - CNN Money Interview

Click here to view "Troubled Pensions," an interview I gave to CNN Money anchor Poppy Harlow on November 24, 2008. (The piece aired on November 26, 2008.) The roughly five minute discussion centered on four questions, including:

  • Is Congressional reform of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 needed or should plan sponsors be forced to top off underfunded plans?
  • Will the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation be able to handle traditional plans of ailing auto manufacturers?
  • Will plan sponsors be tempted to assume more investment risk in order to make up for current losses?
  • Is pension litigation on the rise?

Pension Litigation Soars

I am speaking at the first annual "National ERISA Fiduciary Execusummit" with a particular focus on litigation. As I've been doing a lot lately, I am addressing the wide array of litigation and regulatory enforcement pain points (too many to list here). My goal is to encourage anyone who will listen that good process can go a long way to defending otherwise expensive and time-consuming actions.

Click to access the National ERISA Fiduciary Execusummit program.

Class Action Certification and 401(k) Fees

According to Class Action Litigation Report ("Court Certifies Class Action Alleging Fiduciary Breach in Charging Excessive Fees, July 25, 2008), a U.S. federal court has granted class action status to a claim by 401(k) plan participants that they were forced to pay "unreasonable" fees to service providers. Alleging that Kraft Foods Global Inc. plan fiduciaries failed to keep a lid on costs related to recordkeeping and asset management, this case may raise the stakes for Corporate America, with at least a dozen other "excess fee" cases awaiting adjudication.

Filed in October 2006, the original complaint describes the four individual members of the Benefits Investment Committee ("BIC") as having "the authority and discretion to control and manage the investment operations of the Plan," thereby rendering the BIC a named fiduciary according to ERISA. Click to read the original complaint and the order on class certification.

On a related note, the U.S. Department of Labor ("DOL") proposed its new "Fiduciary Requirements for Disclosure in Participant-Directed Individual Account Plans," (published in the Federal Register, July 23, 2008). Written comments will be received by the DOL on or before September 8, 2008. If approved, 401(k) plan sponsors will have to report details about fees and expenses to participants. Interestingly, the U.S. House of Representatives deferred a decision on requiring enhanced 401(k) plan disclosures. Interested persons may want to watch Bloomberg's video entitled "The Truth Behind Hidden Fees in 401(k) Plans" (June 19, 2008) in which 17 separate fees are cited as eroding investment returns.

As countless employers switch to defined contribution plans, putting more responsibility on individuals as to how their monies are deployed, the economic impact of fees becomes arguably even more important than before.

 

 

CSX Battles Hedge Funds - A Cautionary Tale for Pensions?

In case you missed it, possible trend-setting legal parries are commanding attention from New York jurists, institutional investors and proxy specialists. According to corporate governance expert Jay Brown, "The CSX case is the first decision to find that shareholders must sometimes disclose the shares acquired by investors as part of equity swap transactions. This holding makes it harder for activist shareholders - trying to acquire or influence control of a public company - to keep their holdings secret." Brown should know. As a securities law professor (University of Denver Sturm College of Law) and lead contributor to The Race to the Bottom (a widely read legal blog), he and colleagues have penned no fewer than 16 posts about the ongoing litigation between CSX Corporation ("CSX") and several CSX investors - 3G Capital Partners ("3G" or "3G Capital") and The Children's Investment Master Fund ("TCI").

By way of background (and this is a summary only), a letter was sent to CSX by TCI on February 7, 2008, stating its intentions to acquire effective control. In response, CSX filed a lawsuit against the two funds. The Q1-2008 quarterly SEC filing for CSX states:

<< On March 17, 2008, the Company filed a lawsuit against The Children’s Investment Master Fund (together with certain of its affiliates, “TCI”), 3G Capital Partners Ltd. (together with certain of its affiliates, “3G”) and certain of their affiliates (collectively, the “TCI Group”) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging violations of federal securities laws, including violations of Sections 13(d) and 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The lawsuit alleges, among other things, that TCI and 3G have undisclosed plans with respect of CSX. The lawsuit further alleges that TCI and 3G have employed swap agreements in order to evade the filing requirements of Section 13(d) and that their Section 14(a) and Section 13(d) filings concerning their collective 12.3 percent swap position in CSX shares are materially misleading. The lawsuit further alleges that TCI’s and 3G’s disclosures in their Section 14(a) and Section 13(d) filings concerning their formation of a Section 13(d) group are false and misleading. >>

Click to access the CSX 10-Q, filed on 4/16/08. Click to read the complaint for "CSX Corporation v. The Children's Investment Management (UK) LLP et al," filed with the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York.

Following various motions (in limine, opposition and so on), the two funds (owning about 20 percent in direct form and via equity derivative contracts) sent a letter to other CSX shareholders on June 20, 2008 in which they explain why five nominees should be elected to the CSX board. Citing support for their slate from RiskMetrics Group - ISS Governance Services, they write:

<< If you believe CSX cannot afford to rest on its laurels in favorable pricing and market environments, if you believe that CSX should strive to achieve its full operating potential, if you believe that CSX can and should be the best railroad in America and, finally, if you believe the board of CSX will benefit from the railroad experience of our nominees, along with the perspectives of large shareholders who are engaged because they have made a significant investment in CSX stock using their own money, we urge you to join with us in electing our five nominees to the board of directors of CSX by voting on the BLUE TCI/3G proxy card today. >>

On June 20, 2008, Judges Hall, Livingston and McMahon opine that TCI and 3G Capital Partners can vote their shares, additionally setting up a briefing schedule to include a July 25, 2008 date by which reply briefs in each appeal must be filed. Click to read the ruling.

The "TCI and 3G Comment on Circuit Court Ruling" (dated June 20, 2008) is short and sweet, expressing confidence in the then future June 25, 2008 vote to elect "five highly qualified director nominees." Following that vote, CSX declares the June 25, 2008 board vote "too close to call." In its June 25, 2008 press release, CSX states that the "annual meeting will reconvene at 10 am ET on Friday, July 25, 2008.

Courtesy of Knowledge Mosaic, we know that many large pension funds likewise invest in CSX (at least as of the end of Q1-2008). Regardless of the election results, the corporate governance impact is real. A partial list of funds is included below.

  • CALIFORNIA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM
  • CALIFORNIA STATE TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM
  • CANADA PENSION PLAN INVESTMENT BOARD
  • ELCA BOARD OF PENSIONS
  • EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF TEXAS
  • IBM RETIREMENT FUND
  • NEW MEXICO EDUCATIONAL RETIREMENT BOARD
  • NEW YORK STATE COMMON RETIREMENT FUND
  • NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS RETIREMENT SYSTEM
  • ONTARIO TEACHERS PENSION PLAN BOARD
  • PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT ASSOCIATION OF COLORADO
  • PUBLIC EMPLOYEES RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF OHIO
  • PUBLIC SECTOR PENSION INVESTMENT BOARD
  • STATE BOARD OF ADMINISTRATION OF FLORIDA RETIREMENT SYSTEM
  • TEACHER RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF TEXAS
  • VIRGINIA RETIREMENT SYSTEMS ET AL

Not being an attorney, this case caught my eye because of the numerous and complex investment and governance implications, including the concept of"beneficial ownership" and use of financial derivative instruments. Several things come to mind.

  • When a defined benefit invests in a particular stock (or selects such stock for its defined contribution plan participants), are plan fiduciaries doing sufficient homework with respect to identifying "large" ownership stakes and assessing possible corporate governance implications?
  • For those defined benefit plans allocating monies to activist hedge funds, are investment fiduciaries taking into account a potential diversification "offset" that could occur if the plan invests directly in the same stock that represents a concentrated hedge fund position? (This is predicated on the notion that many pensions invest in alternatives for portfolio diversification reasons.)
  • Are pensions (endowments and foundations too) asking enough questions about their external money managers' use of derivatives? Always a critical exercise, this case illustrates that equity exposure can be material through both direct buys and indirect trades, i.e. equity swaps. Though not germane to this case, equity futures or options facilitate exposure to an individual stock and/or a particular sector of the equity markets. Will their use connote "beneficial ownership" and is the exposure deemed significant? (Note that in their June 2, 2008 amici curiae brief, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. and Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association argue against the notion that equity swaps evidence "beneficial ownership," adding that to conclude otherwise would disrupt derivative market activity.  In an unrelated case, "Securities and Exchange Commission v. Larry P. Langford et al" (filed with the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, Southern Division, on April 30, 2008), the issue as to whether swaps (interest rate) are securities appears again. See "SEC Plan for Swaps 'Securities' Gets Alabama Rebuff" by Bloomberg reporter Joe Mysak (July 3, 2008).
  • In the event that a fund manager is known to use equity derivatives (because the pension fund or consultant inquires), should plan fiduciaries be carefully tracking whether the derivatives represent a hedge, a cross-hedge or an anticipatory price/volatility trade? In the case of a hedge, yet another question goes to how best to measure effectiveness.

The CSX case is sure to be the beginning of a lively debate among financial market participants and corporate issuers.

Editor's Note: Go to www.corpgov.net for a great collection of corporate governance sites. Directors and Boards is another valuable resource.

ERISA Attorney Blogger Comments on Tullis v. UMB Bank

ERISA legal blogger, otherwise known as attorney Stephen Rosenberg, comments on our June 22, 2008 post entitled "Rights of Individual Plan-Holders Expanded by Sixth Circuit" with his usual insight. See below for an excerpt of his June 30, 2008 post.

"There are two particularly interesting side notes about this. First, it illustrates a particular point I - and others - made in a number of media outlets after the Supreme Court issued its opinion in LaRue, namely that, while it may not result in an avalanche of litigation that otherwise would not have been filed, the ruling is certainly going to lead to an increase in the filing of smaller cases on behalf of a few participants in circumstances that, in the past, would not have generated suits unless a class wide action could be brought. Second, the case presages what may be the dying off, by a thousand cuts, of the long held use of standing to cut off ERISA breach of fiduciary duty suits at the earliest stages of procedural wrangling, long before any litigation over the merits of a case, something which occurred at the federal district court level in the original LaRue case itself. Roy Harmon, over at his Health Plan Law blog, has a detailed analysis of this question, one I have been thinking about since LaRue was decided but which Roy has thankfully saved me from addressing in detail at this point.

Click to read the full text version of "From Preemption to ERISA Standing, and Lots of Things In-Between."

Pension Litigation Trends - What Do You Want to Know?

On January 14, 2008, we announced the launch of www.pensionlitigationdata.com. Since then, we've collected over 2,000 cases that involve pension funds, either as plaintiff or defendant. We are adding about 300 to 400 cases per quarter. A joint venture of Pension Governance, LLC and The Michel-Shaked Group, this continuously updated and searchable database reflects the dramatic rise in pension lawsuits. Topics include, but are not limited to, prudence, fees, risk management, diversification, suitability and plan design.

Like it or not, lawsuits are growing in number, severity and frequency. If we can learn from attempts to seek legal redress or understand why a case is dismissed, perhaps we can gain a better understanding of fiduciary vulnerabilities and ways to improve bad practices, when they exist. (It should go without saying that the filing of a case does not necessarily equate to culpability.)

We want your feedback in order to make our first trend analysis paper (and those to follow) as helpful as possible to pension fiduciaries and professionals who work with them. We currently use nearly one hundred codes to categorize each case (by court and topic).

  • Readers (attorneys or otherwise) - What kind of information about pension litigation do you want to know? Click to send an email with your thoughts.
  • Attention attorneys (litigators on either side, general counsel or plan counsel) - If you would like to contribute an analysis or helpful hints to www.pensionlitigationdata.com and our fast-growing www.pensionriskmatters.com audience, send an email with your suggestions and contact information.

We want to hear from you!

Rights of Individual Plan-Holders Expanded By Sixth Circuit

According to ERISA attorney Jason Sheffield, a recent decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit opens the courtroom doors wider to individual plan participants. In Tullis v. UMB Bank, the Sixth Circuit grants individuals legal standing to sue (rather than have to show damage to the entire plan).

According to the opinion (decided and filed on January 28, 2008 by circuit judges Merritt, Rogers and McKeague), ERISA allows these two Toledo Clinic Employees' 401(k) Profit Sharing Plan participants to proceed with a case against the fiduciaries of UMB Bank. By way of background, in the early 1990's, the two doctors selected an investment advisor affiliated with Continental Capital Corporation. In the fall of 1999, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission "entered a Temporary Restraining Order against Capital because two of its brokers were engaged in fraudulent activities. The plaintiffs contend that the defendant, UMB Bank, which served as the Trustee for the plan, knew of the fraud yet failed to inform them."

In the aftermath of a recent U.S. Supreme Court case (LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg & Associates, Inc.), is it likely that plan fiduciaries are more vulnerable to allegations of breach?

Click to read a copy of the Tullis, et al. v. UMB Bank, 515 F.3d 673, 678-79 (6th Cir. 2008) opinion. For an analysis of this case and many others, visit www.pensionlitigationdata.com, Resources, Analyses by Circuit or Analyses by Topic. (A subscription is required.)

Click to read the LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg & Associates, Inc. opinion. Click to read "U.S. Supreme Court Rules 9-0 in Major Pension Case" and "LaRue, Corporate Governance and the Next Pension Enron."

Arkansas Teachers Sue Company Directors for Risk Taking

According to business vox populist Gretchen Morgenson, a Los Angeles federal judge plans to hold mortgage company executives accountable by allowing a lawsuit to proceed. In "Judge Says Countrywide Officers Must Face Suit by Shareholders" (New York Times, May 15, 2008), Morgenson quotes Christa Clark, chief attorney for lead plaintiff, Arkansas Teacher Retirement System, as urging institutional investors to recognize a "duty to seek recourse when a company's directors engage in practices that are not in the best interests of shareholders."

It is impossible to know all facts at this stage, let alone guilt. Only ensuing testimony will shed light on whether Countrywide's CEO and about a dozen directors and officers are deemed culpable. According to the complaint (not yet included in the national judiciary's repository), those described as in the know were allegedly liquidating their personal holdings while making "misleading" public statements about the financial health of the company.

Two things are notable about this case. First, it is yet another indication of the power of institutional investors, in the aftermath of the passage of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Second, questions remain about whether, and to what extent, other boards will find themselves defending suspicious practices. The outcome of this lawsuit portends greater focus on who should be held responsible for financial practices. So far, the outcome is mixed with respect to the sub-prime blame game.

The Fire & Police Pension Association of Colorado ("FPPAC"), Louisiana Municipal Police Employees Retirement System ("LAMPERS"), Central Laborers Pension Fund, and the Mississippi Public Employees Retirement System ("MPERS") are listed as additional plaintiffs.

Pension Funds Ask - "Who is Responsible for Risk Oversight?"

In "Bear's board was busy elsewhere," Financial News reporter Jeff Nash (March 31, 2008) writes that the investment bank's board has been busy, with three individuals doing work for "at least four other public companies" and two "of those three extremely busy directors" doing double duty as members of the risk committee. Corporate governance pundits add that outside distractions do little to help business fiduciaries carry out critical risk oversight duties.

Wall Street Journal reporter George Anders likewise addresses the question of where the buck stops, or if it arrived at all. In "Wall Street Housecleaning May Bypass Boardroom," the executive director of the $12 billion Illinois State Board of Investment, William R. Atwood puzzles over the involvement of directors as relates to sub-prime losses, wondering if "directors at big banks and Wall Street firms share some responsibility for what has gone wrong." Others quoted in the April 2, 2008 article counter that it may be ill-advised to unseat veteran directors. New appointees face a steep learning curve that exposes a company to risk of another kind.

The courts will surely play a prominent role in determining who pays (if at all) as shareholders and pension plan participants file lawsuits aplenty.

Bear Stearns Sold to J.P. Morgan - Real Pain for Employees

Sunday was no day of rest for the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.  A unanimous vote to "create a lending facility to improve the ability of primary dealers to provide financing to participants in securitization markets" accompanied approval to decrease the discount rate by 25 basis points, to 3 1/4 percent. A third initiative was the approval of a deal for JPMorgan Chase & Co. to buy The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. (ticker symbol BSC).

An announced acquisition price of $2 per share (or $236 million in aggregate) is an economic fall from grace by most counts. Bear common last closed at $30 and traded as high as $159 and change over the last year. Click for BSC information. While good news for some, others are reeling from the precipitous drop in stock price. According to "Bear execs lack golden parachutes as stock plan crunched" (Reuters, March 17, 2008), journalist Joseph A. Giannone writes that executives will have little to celebrate since "shares held by the top handful of executive officers plunged in value from about $1.8 billion 14 months ago to just $22 million today." Employees are likely to fare no better with 30 percent of company stock in their various benefit plans (profit sharing, options and so on).

Litigation is underway with Pittsburgh law firm, Stember Feinstein Doyle & Payne, LLC, announcing "possible illegal conduct relating to the Bear Stearns Companies Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan, Profit Sharing Plan and Deferred Compensation Plan." According to the March 14, 2008 press relelase, the firm is investigating whether identified plan fiduciaries "knew or should have known that Bear Stearns was concealing its large exposure to highly risky Collateralized Debt Obligations, subprime mortgages, and other poor-quality securities, which has rendered Bear Stearns common stock and certain funds that it manages and offers as a risky investment for Plan participants."

Editor's Note: Does anyone know if BearMeasurisk, LLC is likewise sold to JPMorgan? The BSC web page for institutional investors currently links to a description about this web-enabled product for pensions as follows.

<< Our plan sponsor offering addresses Corporate, Public and Taft Hartley Funds with defined benefit and defined contribution plans. We provide Value at Risk (VaR) analysis at all levels of your fund, including security level, asset class, country, account and total fund. We also provide marginal VaR (contribution of risk), Relative VaR (risk versus benchmark) and risk of the total fund as compared to a policy portfolio. >>

Emotions, Trading Risk and the Twinkie Defense

Following on the heels of our March 15 post about emotions and retirement planning, another just published article addresses the role of the brain with respect to risk proclivity. In "The Science of Risk-Taking," TIME reporter Kate Stinchfield writes that thrill-seeking has a chemical payoff. Research suggests that higher risk tolerance relates to the reabsorption of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. Serotonin is a factor as well. Normal levels prevent erratic behavior. Testosterone is yet another consideration, with lower (higher) amounts linked to risk aversion (taking). Stinchfield quotes Professor Marvin Zuckerman (University of Delaware) as saying that "high-sensation seekers tend to underestimate the risk."

So does this mean that current excesses of financial risk-taking are tied to unusual brain activity? Can "bad" body chemistry interfere with the prudent process of implementing and monitoring risk controls?

"Sorry your honor, my chemical levels made me take wild, zany risks with other people's money." This sounds like the financial equivalent of the Twinkie Defense.

U.S. Supreme Court Rules 9-0 in Major Pension Case

On February 20, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court released an opinion heard round Corporate America. In LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg & Associates, Inc., these nine top justices held that ERISA does "authorize recovery for fiduciary breaches that impair the value of plan assets in a participant's individual account" and allows for lawsuits to enforce "liability-creating provisions" that involve fiduciary breach of duty. This is big news indeed, opening the door for individual participants in 401(k) plans to seek legal redress when their investment directives are ignored or incorrectly processed. In "Top Court Allows Suit Over 401(k)," New York Times legal reporter Linda Greenhouse describes this as "one of the most important rulings in years." It clarifies an otherwise somewhat ambiguous element of ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) as to whether fiduciary duty relates to the financial health of the plan versus that of an individual participant.

Click to read our November 28, 2007 post entitled "LaRue, Corporate Governance and the Next Pension Enron."

Pension Fund Sues Yahoo

There will be no hearts and flowers for Yahoo from a Michigan pension fund. In "Yahoo Rejection of Microsoft Bid Draws First Shareholder Suit," Information Week reporter Antone Gonsalves writes that the Wayne County Employees' Retirement System of Michigan is taking Yahoo to court. Alleging failure to "meet its obligation to shareholders in evaluating the offer," Wayne County is asking Yahoo directors to thoroughly vet the computing giant's offer, especially given the bid price compared to where Yahoo common stock is currently trading ($31 versus roughly $19).

According to the 2006 Annual Report (most recent document posted on the Wayne County Employees' Retirement System website), their common stock holdings take the form of mutual funds. It's not clear if their reported 13,600 shares of Yahoo are held as part of a pool. An asset allocation pie chart shows equity with a 66 percent sliver. As of September 30, 2006, Wayne County's assets came close to $1 billion. What will be interesting to watch is whether WCER is left in the dust as pension funds with larger stakes compete for a more visible litigation role.

According to the Yahoo company website, its 401(k) plan includes a company match. If that match takes the form of Yahoo stock, a 401(k) stock drop lawsuit may be just around the corner.

Susan Mangiero Moderates Pension - Hedge Fund Mock Deposition


At a time when pensions, endowments and foundations are investing billions of dollars in alternatives such as hedge funds, responsible decision-makers must understand financial and legal risks. If they fail to dig deep or negotiate their interests properly (even when they use a consultant or fund of funds manager), fiduciary breach lawsuits could result. Join Dr. Susan Mangiero, AIFA, AVA, CFA, FRM (President of Pension Governance, LLC); ERISA attorney Noah Weissman (Bryan Cave LLP); and hedge fund attorney Nir Yarden (Bryan Cave LLP) for a mock deposition involving a pension fund’s investment in hedge funds, gone awry. Part of the Fiduciary 360 National Conference, audience members can see what happens during this discovery phase of litigation, watch and hear firsthand what someone in the “hot seat” is likely to experience and learn lessons about proper investment fiduciary process. According to Mangiero, author of "Risk Management for Pensions, Endowments and Foundations" and countless articles about investment risk and valuation, "The challenge is particularly acute when hedge funds invest in 'hard to value' assets or employ complex derivative instrument strategies. Identifying hidden risks can save institutional investors money, reduce stress and avoid harm to reputation."

For more information about this May 7 - 9, 2008 conference, go to www.fi360.com. For more information about pension best practices, visit www.pensiongovernance.com.

Subprime Crisis and Pension Governance

In "Investing in Good Governance: Subprime-Related Losses Stir Up the Conversation," reporter Rachel McMurdie addresses the growing number of lawsuits in pensionland, along with an urgent focus to identify improvements that can and should be made. Interviewing this blog's author and fellow blogger, attorney Stephen Rosenberg, McMurdie describes recent attempts to codify pension governance standards. One initiative, the Clapman Report, is something I analyzed at length when it was published in the summer of 2007.

Click to read the full text of "Investing in Good Governance" (The Institutional Real Estate Letter, January 2008). Click for our take on the Clapman Report

Fiduciary Fallout in Canada, US and UK

According to Canada.com, NatBank Brokerage will pay $750,000 (assume this is Canadian dollars) to medical doctor, Gilles Dussault. Representing lost income and interest on such, the court-determined fine follows a rough and tumble relationship between the physician and his brokers, a father and daughter team. Advised to short $2 million of savings bonds and then left to make his own decisions when prices rose, Dussault's losses grew until, two and a half years later, his holdings were liquidated to "cover what he owed in 1996." As a result, Dr. Dussault sued, alleging that the "original short sale was contrary to his investment objectives and financial interests." The bank countered, asserting that he knew the risks all along and that his losses would have been smaller had he closed his position sooner than occurred. In a 29-page opinion, Judge Mark Peacock described the plaintiff as "a man alone in a rowboat in a storm in the mid-Atlantic," adding that "The firm had always been his guiding light in the past and now that the waves were towering over him, the beacon was gone." He further characterized the transaction as conflicting with the investor's objectives and lambasted the brokers for not providing adequate information about the riskiness of the short sale. (See "Bitter pill for NatBank brokerage, Canada.com, January 16, 2008 for the full text of the article.)

Thanks to Mr. Carlos Panksep, General Manager of the Centre for Fiduciary Excellence, for pointing out this item. When asked what caught his attention about this news story, Carlos responded as follows. "In reading about this case, I could sense the lack of fiduciary accountability on the part of the advisor, possibly due to her inexperience. However, a firm which promotes a high priority to fiduciary education and sensitivity would have possibly avoided this outcome. I hope this firm will improve its practices as a result rather than bury this incident as unimportant or rare."

On the institutional front, Massachusetts Secretary of State William F. Galvin is asking Merrill Lynch about a $12+ million loss incurred by the City of Springfield. According to The Republican, the Springfield Control Board accuses the brokerage firm of "investing funds in an unsafe manner not permitted by state law." Focus on a collateralized debt obligation ("CDO") known as "Centre Square" ("a fund based in the Cayman Islands and Delaware") will logically examine why a $12.6 million spring 2007 outlay fell to $1.2 million by November. Reporters Peter Goonan and Dan Ring write that Merrill Lynch has declared the city responsible for making "its own investment decisions." (See "State subpoenas Merrill Lynch officials in Springfield investment loss," January 14, 2008). 

Expect more articles along these lines of "he said, she said." Inevitably losses (especially big ones) are going to result in lawsuits. Determining who bears ultimate responsibility is far from trivial and opens the door to other inquiries. Disclosure is a factor. Education is another consideration.

  • Suppose a broker (advisor) provides significant information about risk drivers but the investor is unable to digest it properly. Should the broker (advisor) turn down the business even if it means that he (she) might lose his (her) job for not bringing in enough clients? How will he (she) know that a client is ill-equipped to invest in a particular instrument or strategy?
  • In the absence of mandatory education and experiential requirements to sit on a city board (or state or company equivalent), what controls should be in place to preclude individuals from being able to inappropriately commit funds? How should the institution better vet the broker (advisor) at the outset and during the investment period?
  • What constitutes fraud on the part of the broker (advisor) for not "properly" disclosing risk factors?
  • Will the typical broker (advisor) be able to adequately explain the risk trouble spots associated with a complex investment instrument or strategy? If not, why are they promoting such to investors?
  • For individuals or institutions, what safeguards (action steps) should kick in as an investment is heading south, if at all? (Value may plummet only to rise again as long as the position is not liquidated before recovery.)
  • How should regulators better define and enforce suitability?
  • What role should the market play in terms of "lessons learned" by various players? 
  • Will attorneys have a different take on suitability than that of brokers (advisors)?

A recent article about UK trustees suggests that fiduciaries may acknowledge a problem but not feel comfortable moving towards a solution. In "Trustees ask for help," Global Pensions reporter Heather Dale (January 21, 2008) cites grim statistics from Hewitt Associates. Requests from British plan decision-makers "have doubled over the past 18 months" at the same time that more work, due to increased regulatory scrutiny, adds pressure. Do the math. More work, more complexity, more pressure, more scrutiny = big challenges. Does this mean that trustees must forge an even closer relationship with the fund's broker (advisor)? If so, how will questions of responsibility be impacted?

Caveat emptor will surely be the watchword for months to come. At what point are individuals (institutions) considered "duped" into investing in "excessively risky" assets and on what basis? How should suitability vary by type of institution? How can plan participants, shareholders and taxpayers better inform themselves about the risks being taken by a particular city, state or company pension?

The questions are endless. The answers are important.

Pension Litigation Database Launches as Lawsuits Surge

PensionLitigationData.com debuts with over 1,500 retirement plan legal actions, each classified by nearly 100 fields, including court circuit, type of allegation, plaintiff, defendant and date. A joint venture of Pension Governance, LLC and The Michel-Shaked Group, this continuously updated and searchable database reflects the dramatic rise in pension lawsuits. Market volatility, complex investment strategies, new accounting rules, federal regulations and heightened scrutiny of financial decision-making are a few of the many reasons that explain the addition of hundreds more cases each quarter.

This unique web-enabled tool helps attorneys, trustees, board members and policy-makers to better understand the nature of individual pension lawsuits and related litigation trends, thereby encouraging improved practices. “We’re excited to introduce PensionLitigationData.com as a way to stimulate the conversation about fiduciary responsibilities,” said Dr. Susan Mangiero, President and CEO of Pension Governance, LLC. “Litigation is a fact of life now. Regardless of plan type, those in charge need to understand the personal and professional liability. Our hope is that subscribers can learn valuable lessons about what to avoid.” Co-founder of The Michel-Shaked Group, Dr. Israel Shaked urges outside and corporate counsel to pay close attention to ERISA cases, adding “These lawsuits are greater in number, more severe and often accompany securities litigation filings, including class actions.”

A charter annual subscription rate of $695 provides unlimited access to the site, saves decision-makers countless hours of research time and offers otherwise hard-to-find intelligence about pension litigation issues. Users will find cases about a variety of topics such as prudence, duty to monitor, reasonableness of fees and plan design. Circuit commentaries written by and for attorneys are available and cover numerous retirement plan pain points that challenge sitting fiduciaries and their service providers. Assessing statistical patterns, evaluating case precedents, tracking fiduciary hot button issues by circuit, case type and time to settlement are just a few of the information tools you will find here.

For more information, visit www.pensionlitigationdata.com.

State Street Sets Aside $618 Million for Pension Lawsuits

New York Times reporter Vikas Bajaj writes that a State Street Corporation senior executive has been ousted due to sub-prime woes, and that the company has set aside "$618 million to cover legal claims stemming from investments tied to mortgage securities." (See "State Street Corp. Is Sued Over Pension Fund Losses," January 4, 2007.) 

Various other news accounts over the last few months name State Street as defendant in five separate pension-related cases. Plaintiffs' attorneys seek redress under the Employee Retirement Security Act ("ERISA"), citing allegations of fiduciary breach. Critics counter that proving bad faith on the part of investment managers (i.e. not acting "exclusively on behalf of plan participants") will be difficult. They further add that "sophisticated" pension funds should know better.

This blog's author predicts that caveat emptor will pop up in many cases to come. A legal outcome in the matter currently before NY jurists, with San Diego's pension plan going after former hedge fund Amaranath Advisors, goes to this very point (among others).

The stakes for defendants and plaintiffs alike are huge. Whatever happens in several of these big cases will open the door to a flood of similar lawsuits. If defendants are found culpable, it will be open season on service providers. Critical questions abound. Are money managers functional fiduciaries even when they disclaim such status? I wrote about this in my article entitled "Can Pension Clients Be Hazardous to Your Financial Healh?" (Mann on the Street, August 2007 and later reprinted in Journal of Pension Benefits, January 2007).

If defendants claim victory, pension investors will be seriously on the hook for ensuring that they fully understand the nature of their investments. Equally grave will be the need to demonstrate that a retirement plan decision-maker has fully vetted external money managers for risk controls, adequate disclosures and suitability in terms of permitted investment strategies.

Watch for more legal news.

Big Questions - Big Money - Big Consequences!





Plan Sponsors Win - Beneficiaries Over 65 Lose

In today's edition, New York Times reporter Robert Pear describes a recent action by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") that gives employers free rein to cut back benefits for persons 65 and older. (See "Many Retirees May Lose Benefits From Employers.") The rationale seems to be that, once eligible for Medicare, senior workers should transition fully or partially out of private benefit programs because they are otherwise covered. Quoting EEOC Chair, Naomi C. Earp, the goal is to encourage plan sponsors to continue voluntarily providing and maintaining health benefits. Premiums deemed "too high" and the fact that people are living so much longer than ever before is creating havoc with corporate bottom lines. As a result, "many employers refuse to provide retiree health benefits or even to negotiate the issue." In some cases, if they are unable to contain costs for benefits offered to older workers, companies may decide to cut back altogether. This means that younger workers would be exposed - no employer provided coverage, no Medicare.

According to the December 26,2007 Federal Register, the new policy protects plan sponsors from legal threats of age discrimination in the event that they create a two-class benefits program. The "Appendix to Sec. 1625.32--Questions and Answers Regarding Coordination of Retiree Health Benefits With Medicare and State Health Benefits" provides additional information. The upshot is that employers now enjoy flexibility to (a) provide retiree healthcare benefits “only to those retirees who are not yet eligible for Medicare" (b) modify, reduce or eliminate benefits upon an employee's 65th birthday and (c) decrease or eliminate health benefits for the spouse or children of a retiree of a certain age.  

How many companies rush to the door remains to be seen. As employers struggle to attract and retain good workers, including those with a bit of gray, providing or reinstating diminished benefits may come to pass. Only time will tell.

Pension Litigation - Investment Link

In "Pension Fund Litigation Could Slow Investments," New York Sun journalist Liz Peek quotes yours truly on the surge in pension lawsuits, notably those alleging breach of fiduciary duty. Attorney Stephen Rosenberg, and creator of a popular ERISA law blog, is likewise quoted as citing the Herculean challenge faced by plan sponsors. Charged with a bevy of everyday tasks, now added to the list is the need to familiarize themselves with increasingly complex instruments and investment strategies. The article suggests that "increased accountability could dampen institutional enthusiasm for alternative investments."

In contrast, a survey just released by Russell Investments finds a worldwide trend on the part of endowments, foundations and pensions towards continued allocation of monies to alternatives such as hedge funds and private equity funds. With increases expected by 2009 in most countries, the twin issues of risk management and valuation will become arguably even more important (though they have never been unimportant).

The next several years promise to be interesting ones, to say the least.

LaRue, Corporate Governance and the Next Pension Enron

In response to my query about Justice Roberts and his comment about a plan's SPD, ERISA attorney Stephen Rosenberg wrote "Susan Mangiero was taken by the discussion in the oral argument of what powers may or may not have been identified in the summary plan description appended to LaRue’s complaint. I took this discussion by the Justices to be part of an inquiry into what are the constraining parameters of a claim such as the one brought by LaRue." Go to Boston ERISA & Insurance Litigation Blog for additional discussion.

The Wall Street Journal's Law Blog had an interesting post on LaRue. (I included the link a few days ago and am including it here again.) Several folks commented in response, including this blog's author. See below for my response (with a bit of editing).

<< I concur with the Nov. 27 post by the ERISA Consultant. Pension governance is serious business for millions of individuals who are impacted by the decisions made by plan fiduciaries. Hopefully, the LaRue case (regardless of outcome) will prompt a vigorous debate about fiduciary issues - who has responsibilities for what tasks and how retirees are impacted if breach occurs. Shareholders should be paying attention to LaRue as well. Poor governance of retirement plans can have a material adverse impact on earnings. >>

As I have said many times and will no doubt say many more times, pension governance (broadly defined as best practices, applied to all retirement plan types) is an integral part of corporate governance. While this message is gaining currency, most experts in the fiduciary space assert that there is vast room for improvement. If you agree (and not everyone does), a critical question comes to mind.

What will it take for pension governance to be viewed as equally important as mainstream corporate governance issues such as (a) proxy voting (b) executive compensation (c) financial statement certification (d) internal controls and (e) agency conflicts between managers and shareholders?

Negative headlines about Enron and other troubled companies forced shareholders and lawmakers to pay attention. Do we need a pension meltdown a la Enron to force change in the retirement industry?

We would love to get your feedback on what you think will force pension governance to quickly climb the "high priority" list for organizations not already concentrating on such. Click here to drop us a line.

 

LaRue, ERISA and the U.S. Supreme Court

Inside the hallowed halls of the U.S. Supreme Court, pension history may be in the making. On November 26, 2007, justices heard the case of LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg & Associates Inc. The long awaited outcome could put employers in the ERISA litigation spotlight as never before by allowing individuals to sue, one person at a time.

By way of background, Mr. James LaRue sought to have his employer switch his 401(k) monies from one mutual fund to another, in his attempt to migrate to "safer" investments. The plan administrator failed to make the change, allegedly costing LaRue an estimated $150,000 in lost profits. In August 1996, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, in Richmond, Virginia denied LaRue an opportunity to seek redress, claiming that ERISA emphasizes harm to a plan in aggregate. The opinion reads:

<< In ERISA, Congress sought to provide fair and generous remedies for plan participants without imposing ruinous personal liability on plan fiduciaries. That balance pervades the statute, and it is not for us to readjust it. With respect, we think the Secretary’s view does recalibrate the balance, and we do not possess authority to modify plain statutory text, several Supreme Court decisions, and the corpus of circuit law on the subject. If the Department believes fiduciaries should face personal liability for every wrong alleged by individual beneficiaries, even in the absence of personal profit or misuse of plan assets, it will have to seek a forum other than this court. >>

This begs the question then as to how an individual plan participant can hold administrators and relevant parties accountable for mistakes. The import of this issue is huge. At a time when countless companies are terminating defined benefit plans and opting to offer 401(k) plans in their stead, anything that makes that strategy more expensive and/or troublesome could create pushback. If this occurs, employees are going to be under even more pressure to save for their retirement on their own. Add Social Security and Medicare woes, along with what some predict is an imminent recession, and Joe Everyman is likely to truly feel the pinch in a major way. On the other hand, employers fear an honest mistake that arguably opens the floodgates to costly litigation.

A read of the June 19, 2006 and August 8, 2006 LaRue opinions is instructive, as are the salient documents presented to the U.S. Supreme Court. Click here to download relevant files. Click here to read an informative overview provided by law professor Paul Secunda (who predicts a 6-3 victory for LaRue). One item in Secunda's text that struck me as notable is the line of inquiry by Chief Justice Roberts wherein he "points out that the SPD does not say administrators have to follow the investment directions of participants."  Reading these words catches one's breath. Is the honorable jurist suggesting that the Summary Plan Description ( a guiding document as regards the administration of the plan) preclude an asset allocation change? If so, how are employees to deal with market volatility or altered circumstances that mandate a different investment risk-return tradeoff? I await feedback from ERISA attorneys on this and other points.

Pay close attention when this opinion is rendered. It will make a difference! 

FAS 157 is Heeeeere!

As of November 15, 2007, those organizations who did not adopt FAS 157 early on will be obliged to disclose much more information about their "hard to value" assets and liabilities. Despite industry's attempts to forestall compliance for another year, the Financial Accounting Standards Board reiterated its intent to force implementation for financial assets and liabilities. Read "FASB Rejects Deferral of Statement 157 for Financial Assets and Liabilities" (November 14, 2007 FASB press release).

For those seeking a user friendly version of this new accounting rule, check out "A FAS 157 Primer" by Mark Gongloff (Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2007). Also check out "A Summary of Statement No. 157" on the FASB website. One important element of FAS 157 is the requirement that items be categorized as belonging to Level 1, 2 or 3 in order of ease of valuation with respect to observable prices (or lack thereof). Predictions abound that FAS 157 will force larger asset write-downs, creating jitters for pensions, endowments and foundations who invest in Level 2 and Level 3 sensitive funds. In a November 15, 2007 CNBC video, economist Nouriel Roubini warns of an impending global recession and a financial meltdown that could roil financial markets for months to come. He is not alone.

In "Why FAS 157 strikes dread into bankers - Just when we hoped the worst was over," William Rees-Mogg (The Times, November 12, 2007) cites research by financial analyst Martin Hutchinson. Financial giants such as Bear Stearns, Lehman  and J.P. Morgan Chase account for more than $100 bilion of FAS 157 Level 3 assets, requiring mark to model information not heretofore provided. The author adds "Even these figures may be understated, since the banks have themselves decided whether assets belong to level three or the more acceptable level two, and they have an interest in placing as little in level three and as much in level two as they reasonably can." Noteworthy is Hutchinson's analysis that Goldman Sachs has disclosed $72 billion of Level 3 assets. That number is relatively big or small, depending on the point of comparison - a $900 billion asset base but capital of $36 billion.

Lest pension decision-makers think they are immune from valuation issues, nothing could be further from the truth. Decision-makers for both 401(k) and defined benefit plans are squarely on the hook for vetting external money managers. This absolutely includes asking copious questions about managers' valuation policies and procedures. A poor job, or ignoring the issue altogether, is going to keep the plaintiff's bar busy indeed.

Pension Litigation Database Soon to Launch

We are seekng two or three additional beta testers, preferably attorneys. Please email us if you have an interest in learning more.

We plan to launch in just a few weeks. Click here to be notified of our official launch!

Statistics Save the Day for Louisiana Retirement Plan

Attorney Francis Pileggi, creator of the Delaware Corporate and Commercial Litigation blog, has an interesting post about a recent pension lawsuit. In Louisiana Municipal Police Employees' Retirement System v. Countrywide Financial Corporation, 2007 WL 2896540 (Del. Ch., Oct. 2, 2007), statistics played a central role in an option backdating case brought by the Louisiana Municipal Police Employees' Retirement System ("LAMPERS"). 

The court, citing the "close call" nature of the statistical evidence, nonetheless concluded in favor of the plaintiff. Pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, LAMPERS will have some access to the financial records of Countrywide.

Click here to read this interesting October 10, 2007 post.

ERISA Litigation Calculus

Attorney Stephen Rosenberg, creator of the Boston ERISA & Insurance Litigation Blog, provides some interesting thoughts about legal trends. Citing yours truly about the surge in pension lawsuits, Rosenberg offers that courts will struggle with "new issues, or old issues under new fact patterns" with sheer numbers urging the judiciary to clarify. He adds that a pronounced switch from defined benefit plans to 401(k) offerings is likely to drive complaints, with plan participants demanding to know more about those individuals in charge of design and investment selection. Click here to read  "ERISA Number of Suits + Questionable Practices = X" (posted on October 10, 2007) and other analyses by this prolific writer.

 





Valuation Problems Are Going To Cost Plan Sponsors Big Time

This blog's author recently had the pleasure of addressing an audience of hedge fund compliance officers and auditors about valuation issues - a topic near and dear to my heart. As an accredited appraiser, a certified financial risk manager and someone who has worked with models and trades, I am fully aware (and in fact often tout) the inextricable relationship between risk analysis and valuation. Simply put, effective financial risk management does not occur in a vacuum but rather depends on reliable valuation numbers. GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out). If a fund manager relies on faulty information, the inevitable result is flawed process, including (but not limited to) inaccurate hedge size (if hedging occurs), imprecise performance reports, possible asset allocation or portfolio re-balancing mistakes, trading limit utilization problems and so on. 

From the investors' perspective, the trickle down effect can be costly. Any "issues" at the asset manager level directly impact fees paid by pension funds, their own asset allocation decisions, not to mention cash flow and funding status breach as possible forms of "valuation fall-out." Valuation is the proverbial four-letter word in investment risk management. Cause for consternation, valuation issues are often complex and demand rigor with respect to policy creation, implementation and review.

Being somewhat impolitic, yet wanting to convey an important message to an important audience of hedge fund professionals, I cited chapter and verse about valuation pitfalls from a pension fiduciary's perspective. Including the need to get private placement memorandums that address what and how the fund manager intends to assess the portfolio on a regular basis, I explained the rationale for use of an independent third party to either render opinions of value, or at the very least, conduct a valuation process check. Even when a hedge fund does not exceed the twenty-five percent ERISA money limit (pursuant to the Pension Protection Act of 2006), best practices abound for both the fund manager and the pension investors alike. Interviewing traders, along with the asset manager's Chief Risk Officer, about valuation policies and procedures is another good idea. If a fund has no functional risk manager, ask why. Interestingly, one person responded to my comments by declaring success at drafting sufficiently obtuse documents that would likely keep investor accusations at bay.

In today's Wall Street Journal, reporter Eleanor Laise tells readers that it's not just hedge funds caught in the valuation cross-hairs. Mutual funds have their own issues. For example, when a security is not frequently traded, multiple methods might generate disparate "fair value" estimates. Quotation quality runs the gamut from the use of stale prices to "accommodation quotes" offered by "friendly brokers." Time-of-day selection is another conundrum, especially in the case of non-U.S. securities or instruments such as highly customized derivatives. Laise adds that "valuation policies can vary substantially from fund to fund." In some situations, an independent outside firm provides prices. Elsewhere, internal models or broker-dealer quotes are used. (See "Funds Struggle with Pricing Pitfalls," Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2007.)

As I've written (and presented) many times before, plan sponsors who sit silently by, without grilling asset managers about their valuation policies and procedures, are asking for trouble. Pension fiduciaries have a duty to oversee external fund manager performance as relates to the stated risk tolerance and return goals. This includes a weighty discussion about price quotes, marking to market (or model) and provider quality. (Not being an attorney, plan sponsors should seek counsel for a precise assessment of their responsibilities.)

With new accounting rules on their way and a variety of significant valuation unknowns, subprime loan-related losses may look like a walk in the park. What we don't know can hurt!

Editor's Note:

Pension Governance, LLC has partnered with the National Association of Certified Valuation Analysts to develop a technical workshop on hedge fund valuation. Click here for a course description. Other programs are in the works. Click here to read more about our June 28, 2007 webinar about hedge fund valuation. (The recording and program materials are available for a modest fee.) If you want additional information about valuation training for your board, risk analysis or process checks, click here to drop us a line.

 

 

 

Prosecution of Former Pension Trustees Moves Forward

Voices of San Diego reporter Evan McLaughlin writes that the Fourth District Court of Appeal "upheld the district attorney's prosecution of six former pension board members." After several years of wending its way through the court system, allegations that trustees violated California's "conflict-of-interest law" will be heard. Charges emphasize "an agreement in 2002 that boosted the future pension pay of the defendants and thousands of other city employees in exchange for allowing the city to underfund the pension trust that year." Click here to read "DA's Pension Case Moves Forward" (September 7, 2007). Click here to read the ruling.

Regardless of the outcome, and acknowleging a presumption of innocence until proven guilty, a key take-away is that pension fiduciaries are absolutely on the hook. Not to be taken lightly, the job of retirement steward is a serious one. Civil and criminal penalties in the event of proven wrong-doing are possibilities. It's no surprise then that liability underwriters are fielding frequent calls for greater and more comprehensive coverage.

Can Pension Clients be Hazardous to Your Financial Health?

The following is an excerpt from an article written by Dr. Susan M. Mangiero and published in Mann on Wall Street (August 2007 issue). If you would like to receive a copy of the full text article, click here to send an email request.

<<Despite a recent study that all is okay in corporate pension land, changes are taking place to indicate otherwise. Preparing for lots of pension buy-out business, investment banks hire actuaries in droves. Swap trading desks similarly staff, anticipating a surge in liability-driven investing. CPA firms scurry to find qualified professionals who can handle the alphabet soup of new accounting rules. Even those who breathed a sigh of relief with the final enactment of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 (“the suspense is over”) acknowledge the beginning of the end of “the way things were.” Board members, CEOs and CFOs wait for the other shoe to drop, assuming that the sequel to FAS 158 will compel wide swings in earnings. Congress and regulatory agencies busy themselves with a flurry of investigations. On top of everything else, longevity is forcing plan sponsors to rethink how to cut costs without alienating productive workers. The only constant is change. For traders who embrace volatility, life is good. For those in search of stability, hang onto your hats.

With all of this tumult underway, a little noticed trend seems to be emerging that could make pension clients high risk for service providers - asset managers, brokers, bankers, administrators, custodians, advisors, consultants, auditors and ERISA counsel. At its simplest, there is a real question as to who has investment fiduciary responsibilities other than the plan sponsor. Some organizations wear the hat of “fiduciary” but charge steep fees to compensate for added liability exposure. Others disavow the role, going so far as to include text to that effect in their engagement letter. However, real questions remain. Will judges uphold the legitimacy of this stance or instead classify a service provider as a functional fiduciary against their will, thereby opening the door to claims of breach? If that occurs, asset managers, consultants and other persons peripheral to a plan sponsor get the worst possible outcome – increased liability exposure without compensation.>>

Down by the Bayou (Hedge Fund), Judge Says Too Bad

Alleging breach of fiduciary duty, plaintiff South Cherry Street, LLC cited failure of consulting firm Hennessee Group to do proper due diligence of the now defunct hedge fund, Bayou Group. In response, federal judge Colleen McMahon "granted a defense motion to dismiss the case, finding that Hennessee wasn't alone in being duped by Bayou." (Click here to read the August 3, 2007 Reuters article.)

As several related cases make their way through the courts, pay attention to how the judge rules. Some experts suggest that institutions could be asked to assume more responsibility for the investments they make, even after hiring a consultant.

If true, things are likely to change. After all, why hire someone else if ultimate responsibility stays with the plan sponsor? The import is considerable. Trustees and other internal fiduciaries who now look to outside experts will have to become more expert themselves. (We've long advocated for better fiduciary training and selection standards, whether an outside firm is employed or not. Click here to read a recent blog post on the topic.)

First Case to Try to Link ERISA with Option Backdating

In "Test case looms on backdating" (June 1, 2007), FEI journalists Jeffrey Marshall and Ellen Heffes write that a legal precedent may soon be set in the form of a class action case against builder KB Home. Many managers and board members who participated in backdating decisions and also act as company fiduciaries for the 401(k) plan are named in the lawsuit. Alleging ERISA fiduciary breach due to the backdating of stock options, plan sponsors and their attorneys await the outcome.

"If this case survives summary judgment, plaintiff's attorneys will be emboldened and bring more employees onto the class-action backdating bandwagon," suggests attorney John Gamble, with Fisher & Phillips, a labor and employment law firm. Marshall and Heffes caution that a post-Enron amendment of ERISA  increases punishment. "Individuals who are caught willfully violating ERISA face 10 years in prison and fines up to $100,000."

A few months ago, I predicted an ERISA litigation fallout if companies recommend stock for the 401(k) plan yet do not properly vet the process by which executives receive options. Click here to read "Will Executive Option Issues Drive the Next Wave of Pension Litigation?" by Susan M. Mangiero (Journal of Compensation and Benefits, March/April 2007).

This case is sure to attract attention.

Pension Fiduciaries - Time to Wake Up and Smell the Coffee, Part Three

In his pension blog, ERISA litigator Stephen Rosenberg recently wrote about the forthcoming legal battle between the San Diego County Employees Retirement Association ("SDCERA") and Amaranth Advisors, LLC. In response to an original complaint against the once mighty energy hedge fund, its high-power attorneys countered with a motion to dismiss. Claiming caveat emptor, defendants assert that the plan sponsor understood the risks and went ahead anyhow. Click here to read the original complaint and here to read the motion to dismiss.

How this case will be adjudicated is anyone's guess. Nevertheless, the outcome will be closely watched as it goes to the very heart of investment disputes by asking who bears responsibility.

In our kick-off of the Hedge Fund ToolboxSM webinar series on June 14, 2007, we heard from former FBI agent Mr. Ken Springer (now president of Corporate Resolutions) and senior attorney and former regulator, Rick Slavin (now partner of law firm Cohen and Wolf P.C.). Both gentlemen vigorously urged pension investors to undertake a background investigation of key principals, check documents and never shy away from asking tough questions. Springer added that "material non-disclosure of critical events in one's career" represents a major concern, along with the need to do additional follow-up to explain discrepancies. Late payment of credit card bills or a faillure to pay child support suggest carelessness with other people's money.

In his overview of case precedent and enforcement actions, Slavin offered that sloppy, obtuse or incomplete paperwork is usually the beginning of trouble. He reiterated that the use of outside parties does not absolve plan sponsors of their fiduciary duties. Oversight obligations remain.

Springer told listeners that Bayou's problems, pre-meltdown, were evident had investors carefully reviewed available facts. "Blatant conflicts of interest, overstating of employees' accomplishments, suits by former employees, suits filed by investors and even suits filed by hedge fund managers" should have caught investors' attention before money changed hands. Slavin suggests that we're in for a bumpy ride. "There is every indication that more litigation and enforcement is on its way."

Rosenberg agrees. "We are currently watching the rise of a pension/401(k) investment plaintiffs bar, clearly modeled after the securities litigation class action bar, ready and waiting to sue pension advisors and anyone else in the line of fire for excessive fees, poor investment choices, and anything else that affects returns in the plans." He adds that, "If the hedge fund’s lawyers are right, then aren’t the plan’s fiduciaries and other advisors potentially liable for breaching their own obligations to the plan and its participants to properly select and monitor plan investments? And if so, then their best defense should the newly forming class action bar come after them for this mess would be that, contrary to what the hedge fund’s lawyers say, they actually did full and complete due diligence, and therefore lived up to their obligations and cannot themselves be liable for the fact that the investment went south."

Wise words to remind us of the importance of good process!

If you are interested in purchasing the recordings of any webinars that have already taken place, click here. (Webinars are listed in chronological order.) Click here to register for any or all of the forthcoming webinars in this exciting new series. Speakers will address the roles of financial advisor and consultant on June 26. Valuation is the topic of the June 28 event.

401(k) Stock Drop Litigation - Back in Fashion Again?



Back from a somewhat relaxing weekend (I had to work part of the time), I opened my mail to find two publications, each with a front page article about 401(k) "stock drop" cases. Is it coincidental or a harbinger of next season's hottest trend in litigation?

According to "401(k) fee suits not soon to retire" by Amanda Bronstad (The National Law Journal, May 28, 2007), earlier filed cases focus on undisclosed fees levied by mutual funds. In contrast, more recent lawsuits look at fees charged for annuities while "others challenge the prudence of employers that invest in funds that charge high fees - even if they're fully disclosed to employees."

In "Stock-drop suits hitch 401(k) ride," writer Susan Kelly describes a resurgence in ERISA lawsuits (Financial Week, May 28, 2007) with companies of all sizes now vulnerable to allegations that stock in the 401(k) plan is a no-no.

Outcomes remain unknown at this time with federal judges in three cases having refused to dismiss (Kraft, Boing, Bechtel). Not all cases are home runs for the plaintiffs. As the National Law Journal article details, the federal judge in a case against Exelon Corp. "dismissed claims that excessive fees in a 401(k) plan caused investor losses." In the Northrup Grumman case, some of the defendants, "including the board of directors," were dismissed.

Along these lines, we think our forthcoming June 4 webinar on the topic of 401(k) plan governance is timely. Click here  to get more details and/or to register. We'll start at noon and end at 1:15 p.m. EST. The webinar is free to Pensiongovernance.com subscribers. The cost to non-subscribers is $125. Pension Governance, LLC is registered with CFA Institute as an Approved Provider of professional development programs. This program is eligible for 1.5 PD credit hours as granted by CFA Institute.

Topics to be discussed include the following:
  • Description of fiduciary duties under ERISA
  • Discussion of procedural prudence as relates to 401(k) plan selection of fiduciary advisors
  • Overview of safe harbor and selection of fiduciary advisor pursuant to the Pension Protection Act of 2006
  • Litigation trends in the area of investment fiduciary breach as relates to plan sponsors and service providers such as consultants
  • Fiduciary investment process for assessing 401(k) provider fees
  • Role of fiduciary advisor in providing financial education
  • Governance considerations with respect to selection of default investment 
  • Structural changes in money management industry in response to material shift away from defined benefit plans
  • Fiduciary advisor “red flag” practices such as soft dollar questions, revenue-sharing, limited disclosure.
Dr. Susan M. Mangiero, AIFA, AVA, CFA, FRM, president of Pension Governance, LLC will moderate an expert group of panelists to include:

  • Mr. Blaine F. Aikin, AIF®, CFA, CFP® - Managing Partner, Fiduciary360
  • Mr. David J. Bauer - Partner, Casey, Quirk & Associates LLC
  • Mr. David Vriesenga - Chief Rating Officer, Cefex - Centre for Fiduciary Excellence, LLC.
We hope you can join us for what is sure to be an informative and lively discussion!

Pension Plan Plaintiffs Cost Corporate Defendants With Opt-Outs

A recent trend in class action litigation circles is the pension plan opt-out. Choosing not to settle with the rest of the "class," several large institutional investors are getting recompense that reflects multiples of what they could otherwise receive.

Pension Governance contributing editor, attorney Kevin Lacroix talks about this significant shift in class action outcomes, citing a sea change in the cost of litigation. Click here for more information about Kevin's interesting article and here to read more about our first class team of contributing editors.

PG Editor's Note: We have just posted an interesting and complementary item to www.pensiongovernance.com. In "Predicting Corporate Governance Risk: Evidence from the Directors' & Officers' Liability Insurance Market," authors Tom Baker and Sean J. Griffith examine how liability insurance underwriters assess corporate governance behavior - and related expectations of risk - when pricing coverage. The authors also examine whether corporations are deterred by the cost of liability insurance, especially since "virtually all corporations purchase D&O insurance to cover the risk of shareholder litigation, and because virtually all shareholder litigation settles within the D&O insurance limits, the D&O insurance premium represents the insurer’s best guess of the insured’s expected liability costs." The authors conclude that governance factors such as culture and character are taken into account by insurance underwriters. Click here for more information.

Consulting Firm Pays $2.75 Million for Hedge Fund Recommendation

According to money management letter (April 9, 2007 issue), Rocaton Investment Advisors paid $2.75 million to the San Diego County Employees Retirement Association "for recommending Amaranth Advisors." The article also goes on to say that no information is forthcoming about whether Rocaton did anything wrong and whether this money is covered by professional liability insurance.

The reason for citing this article is not to put any one particular firm in the spotlight but rather to suggest that pension fiduciaries check with their appropriate counsel and do sufficient homework internally to make sure that everything that should be done is being done. This includes, but is not limited to, seeking answers to the following questions:

1. How much experience does a particular consultant and/or financial advisor under consideration have with respect to examining hedge funds or fund of funds?

2. Does the consultant and/or financial advisor have an adequate understanding of the hedge fund or fund of funds' use of leverage through short-selling and/or use of derivatives, if relevant? What is their systematic process for examination of leverage? How do they define leverage and does that comport with industry norms?

3. Has the consultant and/or financial advisor identified (and explained to plan sponsors) possible risk factors associated with a given hedge fund or fund of funds? Sector concentration, management style, specific ownership structure of the limited liability company or partnership, availability of risk analytics, stop loss triggers, primary and secondary plans for liquidation, valuation policy, redemption restrictions and use of side pockets are JUST the beginning.

We'll talk much more about the issue of investment risk review in coming days. Why? Plan sponsors are still on the hook for monitoring their monitors. It's simply not as easy as passing along a hot potato regarding due diligence to someone else.

P.S. There is a rumor that another pension consultant has offered recompense in conjunction with this hedge fund case. If true, could this be a trend in going after consultants and/or financial advisors in the event of losses?

 

 

 

 

Big Apple Pension to Bite Apple Inc Over Options



Alleging questionable stock option practices at technology giant Apple Inc, the New York City Employees' Retirement System ("NYCERS") will serve as lead plaintiff in a lawsuit filed a few months ago. Citing the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 ("PSLRA"), NYCERS claims the largest financial interest in the lawsuit. (Click here to read the original filing and here to read "Recent Developments Under the PSLRA.")

According to Reuters (January 22, 2007), the NY fund's ownership stake is roughly one million shares or about $87 million in current value terms. Its 2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report shows $46.34177 billion as plan net assets as of June 30, 2006. While NYCERS equity exposure to Apple is large in absolute terms, it is small compared to the equity interests held by institutional investors such as Fidelity Management & Research (60,316,011 shares as of September 30, 2006) or AllianceBernstein L.P. (48,637,731 shares in second place). Click here to review ownership statistics, courtesy of Thomson Financial (and reprinted by the Wall Street Journal.)

The intent of this post is not to single out any one company nor to imply that the filing of a complaint supports any or all of the allegations. That's for the trier of fact to determine. What is important is to understand that executive compensation practices can (and often do) impact shareholder value. If the market interprets a particular practice as far removed from economic reality and/or regulators start sniffing around, defined benefit and defined contribution participants stand to lose a bundle. In order to reduce the likelihood of an adverse outcome due to investing in company stock, pension fiduciaries must carefully consider relevant risk factors. That includes the percentage of company stock already part of a particular plan (whether self-directed or not). See "Options, Pensions and the SEC" for additional comments about backdating and pension fiduciary duty.

With more than 120 companies being asked questions about their respective option practices, there is surely much more to say on this topic!

Options, Pensions and the SEC



It's hard to pick up a newspaper these days without reading some story about stock options - when they are granted, how often they are repriced, what portion of an executive's total compensation they represent and so on. What has authorities particularly busy is a fast-expanding review of practices such as option backdating and spring loading. As of December 31, 2006, the Wall Street Journal counts 120 companies on their option backdate list. Click here to view the options scorecard and learn about executive departures and various regulatory agency investigations.

The Free Dictionary defines backdating as "dating any document by a date earlier than the one on which the document was originally drawn up." Spring loading can mean either that "a company purposely schedules an option grant ahead of expected good news or delays it until after it discloses business setbacks likely to send shares lower." See "SEC eyes 'springloading'" as published by the New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants. In both cases, the idea is to inflate the value of the executive's stock option. (Experts remind that neither backdating nor spring loading is necessarily illegal per se, a conclusion that is best left to attorneys and regulators.)

These and other practices are important to pension fiduciaries and plan participants alike. Defined benefit plans sometimes invest in company stock. Defined contribution plan participants are often given a similar choice. Any problems with option grants, especially when they result in tax and/or accounting penalties, not to mention regulatory enforcement levies or litigation payouts, can do serious harm to an employee's retirement plan. From a fiduciary perspective, real questions could arise about the ex-ante assessment of company stock as a viable investment vehicle for a sponsored plan(s). Did an adequate due diligence review of risk factors that influence company stock price occur? Did pension fiduciaries sufficiently understand existing practices regarding executive compensation, including option awards? How often did pension fiduciaries assess option grant practices and/or inquire about industry norms, internal controls and likely impact on "shareholder" retirement plan participants?

For interested readers, the D&O Diary, authored by attorney Kevin LaCroix, has an excellent collection of articles about option backdating.

Option valuation is another topic with considerable import. Relatively new accounting rules in the form of FAS 123R set the stage for a vigorous debate about how to value employee and executive stock options (ESO's). Unlike shorter-term options that actively trade in ready markets, ESO's are more challenging to value for a host of reasons. Though a bit outdated with respect to regulations, readers may nevertheless find my article about option valuation of interest because it highlights the importance of having good inputs and an appropriate model. (Click here to read "Model Risk and Valuation," Valuation Strategies, March/April 2003.)

In a recent decision, the SEC notified Zions Bancorporation that its Employee Stock Option Appreciation Rights Securities (ESOARS) is "sufficiently designed to be used as a market-based approach for valuing employee stock option grants for accounting purposes under Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) No. 123R." According to Zion's press release, it is their intent to assist other public companies in valuing ESOs. I took a quick look at their site and plan to read more. Certainly a mechanism that facilitates marketability is a step in the right direction. After all, the coming together of willing buyers and sellers, under ideal circumstances, permits a flow of information that should result in the "right" price.

Editor's Note:
I am currently writing an article about option backdating as it relates to pension fiduciaries.

Life of a Benefits Manager Heading Into 2007?



An homage to Norwegian painter Edvard Munch (born on December 12, 1863) Google's same day banner is reprinted herein. A reminder perhaps that 2007 is sure to create some agita for more than a few benefits managers and other related decision-makers?

Here are a few reasons for upset:

1. New pension accounting rules for companies

2. New OPEB (other post-employment benefit) accounting rules for municipalities

3. Forthcoming derivative accounting rules for public funds, similar to FAS 133 for companies (Remember that derivatives are getting more attention as possible elements of a liability-driven investment strategy.)

4. Anticipated Congressional oversight hearings about pension funds, 401(k) fees and hedge funds

5. Stated SEC consideration of rule changes as they apply to alternative investments (and possible impact on pension funds investing in hedge funds)

6. Proposed Form 5500 disclosure rule changes regarding service providers, fees and other elements of pension investing

7. Continued taxpayer upset regarding the cost of municipal benefits and a desire for lower property and state income taxes

8. Continued escalation in pension litigation

9. Continued focus on plan design and expected impact on an organization's cash flow

10. Continued focus on the Sarbanes Oxley - ERISA (corporate governance-pension governance) link

11. Anticipated guidance about default options for defined contribution plans (and related fiduciary impact)

12. The remaining 900+ pages of the Pension Protection Act of 2006

13. Projected worsening of the Social Security situation and likely impact on financing of the "three-legged" stool

14. Continued longevity patterns (good for retirees but expensive for employers)

15. Projected lower interest rates that increase liabilities

16. Anticipated pressure on asset returns

17. International pension woes and possible contagion for the U.S.

18. Predicted health care benefit cost increases that make pensions pale in comparison

19. Continued need to attract and retain scarce pool of talented workers with good benefits while keeping costs low

20. Continued scrutiny from ERISA and D&O liability insurance underwriters (and related impact on coverage and cost of coverage)

The good news is that there are lots of possible solutions but make no mistake. The new year will definitely entail major changes and challenges for all.

Compliance and Litigation Remain Hot Button Issues



According to Fulbright & Jaworski partner and global chair of the Litigation Department, Stephen C. Dillard, fear may be appropriate with respect to all things litigation. In "Litigation Nation" (Wall Street Journal, November 25, 2006), Dillard describes results from their third Litigation Trend Survey, emphasizing an increasing upward trend in lawsuits here and abroad. "Even we were surprised by the volume and scope of legal actions across all major industries and regardless of company size."

Besides finding that "Some 89% of companies report being hit with at least one new lawsuit in the past year," companies stateside "face an average of 305 lawsuits pending world-wide." At the same time, "companies with sales of $1 billion or more" face an average of 556 cases, "with 50 fresh suits emerging each year for nearly half of these firms."

The cost of litigation is far from trivial. The survey cites corporate legal expenditures averaging $12 million, up from $8 million last year and with some industries - engineering and insurance - spending over $35 million.

Given the nature of this blog, www.pensionriskmatters.com, what caught my eye were the assertions that "more than half of the in-house counsel cited employment as their top litigation concern" and that "disputes over wages and hours can be brought as class actions in many jurisdictions, creating more waves of litigation."

Other press accounts about corporate lawsuits are similarly engaging.

According to the Chief Legal Officer Survey 2006, compliance and litigation are huge concerns. Conducted by Altman Weil, Inc. and LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell, respondents lament that time and money used to fight and/or prevent lawsuits could not be otherwise used to grow the company.

New York Times reporter Paul B. Brown describes the concept of litigation funding companies in "What's Offline: Next, a Lawsuit Futures Exchange?" Citing Joshua Lipton in "Litigation 2006," Brown informs that hedge funds are researching the possibilities of investing now in anticipation of enjoying hefty case outcomes later on. That same supplement to the American Lawyer & Corporate Counsel includes a piece by Alison Frankel that offers insight about the globalization of litigation.

Lest you need more of a reminder that a sea change is upon us, consider the U.S. Appeals Court decision that found a fiduciary personally liable for nearly $180,000 due to losses realized by the International Brotherhood of Industrial Workers Health and Welfare Fund. In "Ruling highlights fiduciary need for hindsight", Reid and Riege attorneys David M.S. Shaiken and Eileen M. Marks describe the serious fallout from Chao v. Merino, 452 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2006), stating that the individual in question "was permanently prohibited from serving as a fiduciary or service provider to any employee benefit plan."

Other excerpts from the November 2006 Employee Benefit News article merit attention.

1. "The Court of Appeals' holding underscores how important it is for new plan fiduciaries to inform themselves thoroughly about a plan's operations, consultants and service providers with whom the plan has contracted. New fiduciaries should raise with co-fiduciaries any concerns about existing relationships after conducting their review.

2. The mere fact that an imprudent relationship predates a fiduciary's tenure does not shield the fiduciary from liability. The duties to be informed about plan business and to act prudently include a duty to be informed about, raise objections to, and protect the fund from any imprudent relationships that are in place with consultants and service providers when a fiduciary's term begins.

3. Plan fiduciaries may wish to review their and their plan's insurance coverage. ERISA plan fiduciary liability insurance covers claims against current and former plan trustees and, if they are named in the policy, plan administrators who have fiduciary duties. In case of a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, within the insurance policy's limits the insurer provides and pays for defense counsel, and indemnifies the plan fiduciary from liability, provided that the claim is not excluded from the policy's coverage."

Given the tsunami of litigation (with all indications that more is on its way), pension fiduciaries need to assess their personal and professional risk.

It's scary stuff indeed. Email us if you want to know more about our fiduciary and board training programs. If you are an attorney, ask to receive our complimentary pension governance kit.

Pension Disclosure and SEC Sanction



According to its website, the SEC sanctioned the City of San Diego "for committing securities fraud by failing to disclose to the investing public important information about its pension and retiree health care obligations in the sale of its municipal bonds in 2002 and 2003."

The SEC-issued Order "finds that the city failed to disclose that the city's unfunded liability to its pension plan was projected to dramatically increase, growing from $284 million at the beginning of fiscal year 2002 to an estimated $2 billion by 2009, and that the city's liability for retiree health care was another estimated $1.1 billion.

According to the Order, the city also failed to disclose that it had been intentionally under-funding its pension obligations so that it could increase pension benefits but defer the costs, and that it would face severe difficulty funding its future pension and retiree health care obligations unless new revenues were obtained, pension and health care benefits were reduced, or city services were cut. The Order further finds that the city knew or was reckless in not knowing that its disclosures were materially misleading."

The Order makes for fascinating reading. For one thing, an eight percent assumed rate of return on investments was used "without regard to its actual historical rate of return." Some increased benefits were treated as contingent liabilities that were not reflected in certain liability calculations.

Some general observations ensue.

1. Assuming no fraud, a plan's actuarial report should be read in conjunction with any other disclosures about a plan. To the extent that there are differences, responsible fiduciaries must ask hard questions in order to reconcile the "tale of two pensions."

2. This is unlikely to be the last event of its kind. Does this put additional pressure on rating agencies and other watchdog groups to identify potential red flags before the fact, to the extent possible?

3. What is the future of public plan pension and health care benefits? Courtesy of Sean McShea, president of Ryan Labs, a recent Economist article about Other Post-Employment Benefits ("OPEB") augurs poorly for taxpayers in states adversely affected by a new government accounting decree. "Going into effect on December 15, the rule requires municipal government employers to "treat their health-care promises to workers the same way they already handle their pension obligations: by reporting on the total size of their future commitment, instead of just this year's cost." (See "The known unknowns, Economist, November 16, 2006)

4. The size of the liability is important as is the rate of growth in the liability, netted against the expected change in asset performance.

5. Plans in crisis will be tempted to reach for higher expected returns. Identifying and evaluating incremental risk is essential. A bad choice could exacerbate an already grave situation.

With Thanksgiving in the U.S. only a few days away, we'll have to think long and hard about why we are grateful in benefits land.

Pensions, Class Action Litigation and Oversight Role


Lest anyone think that pension plans are shrinking violets when it comes to corporate scandals, think again. During the recent two-day Institutional Investor Forum, public pension trustees learned about a variety of tools and techniques to preserve the capital invested in Corporate America. Topics ranged from hedge fund activism to settlement amounts and attorneys' fees, electronic discovery, the fiduciary mandate, investor recoveries in the case of bankruptcy and early detection of corporate fraud.

Billed as an educational event for fund trustees, administrators, executive directors, general counsel and other representatives of public funds, law firm Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP has played host for a dozen years. Past speakers have included New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, New York Times financial columnist Gretchen Morgenson and SEC Commissioner Harvey Goldschmid.

Since the passage of the Private Securities Litigation Act in 1995, institutional investors continue to garner attention for their more active role in the class action process. Whether that has improved things is a point of debate.

In 2002, law professor Michael A. Perino published results of his examination of nearly 1,500 class action cases. In "Did the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act Work?", Perino questioned whether a greater number of filings reflected more corporate fraud or relaxed rules for filing.
More recently, Perino cited lower attorney fees as a result of public pension fund participation. (Click here to read "Markets and Monitors: The Impact of Competition and Experience on Attorneys' Fees in Securities Class Actions", St. John's Legal Studies Research Paper No. 06-0034, 2005.)

At a time when corporate scandals related to compensation loom large, pension trustees are unwilling to take a back seat. One questionable practice, option backdating, is causing real problems for some companies. As of late last week, the Wall Street Journal listed the investigative status of 115 organizations on its "Option Scorecard". In "Next Step in Stock Option Probes: 'Backdate' Lawsuits", reporter Amanda Bronstad, describes the billions of dollars at stake for pension fund plaintiffs. Many of the cases are filed as derivative suits, "allege breach of fiduciary duty and are filed by institutional shareholders on behalf of the company as a whole. They seek the return of the stock options."

No doubt we'll hear more about pension plaintiffs and class actions. Good, bad or indifferent, their size makes them real players, too big to ignore.


Note:
Legal professionals such as attorney Christopher J. Rillo write: "Backdating is not an illegal practice per se, provided that the disclosure, tax and accounting requirements are met. Companies have for legitimate reasons backdated stock options to provide additional incentive compensation to officers and employees. What has changed is that the disclosure, tax and accounting requirements were radically altered to require disclosure of back dating and additional taxation to both the grantor and the recipient." (Click here to read his September 2006 remarks as part of the symposium about D&O insurance.)

Pension Lawsuits


The Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts reports an increase in new Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA") case filings from 9,167 cases in 2000 to 11,499 cases in 2004. According to a March 2006 American Bar Association publication, about fifty stock-related lawsuits have been filed in the last two years, alleging employee benefit fiduciary violations and adding to a growing number of what some describe as "stock drop" actions.

The basic idea is this. Company stock is included as an investment choice for defined contribution plan participants. The stock falls in value. Employees suffer losses. Fiduciaries are asked to address whether: (a) their inclusion of company stock as an investment choice was appropriate (b) they conveyed accurate information about the company (c) they had put employees first or were influenced by conflicts of interest.

What has groups such as the Professional Liability Underwriting Society alarmed about the "startling" increase in these ERISA fiduciary breach cases? First, the amounts at stake are huge. Second, some experts suggest that it may be easier to bring suits on the basis of ERISA violations instead of securities fraud. (There is a lot written on this topic, including the requirements to become a lead plaintiff under the auspices of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, "PSLRA"). Third, various employee benefit reforms, expected out soon, could lead to financial restatements and unhappy investors.

Legal experts suggest that we're in for a bumpy ride. Negative headlines, excessive executive compensation (perceived or real), market volatility, a dramatic shift away from defined benefit to defined contribution plans and regulatory reform that could force write-downs are some of the many factors that will continue to put fiduciaries in the spotlight.

Expert Panel Addresses Financial Impact of Pension Crisis


Valuation and risk professional Dr. Susan M. Mangiero, CFA, AVA, FRM will moderate a panel of esteemed retirement plan experts at the forthcoming 42nd annual meeting of the Eastern Finance Association at the Sheraton Society Hill in Philadelphia on April 20 from 10:15 a.m. to noon. (The hotel is located at 1 Dock Street in Philadelphia.)

Months away from sweeping Congressional reform and accounting standards that will dramatically impact the financial health of Corporate America, a diverse and seasoned panel of experts will talk about plan termination, 401K plan design, pension governance, fiduciary compliance, ERISA litigation trends, liability-driven investing and pension risk management with respect to shareholder value and employee productivity and morale. With over $10 trillion and 100 million plan participants at risk, conference producer Dr. John Finnerty describes this presentation as "an urgent call to our 850 financial members who are helping finance leaders, at all levels, grapple with the real challenges that post-retirement benefits present". Moderator Dr. Mangiero concurs. "CEOs and CFOs alike are quickly realizing how vulnerable they are to pension problems that can force rating downgrades, invite litigation and higher regulatory compliance costs, increase the cost of capital and otherwise impede corporate growth. For more than a few companies, pensions have become a veritable albatross."

Panelists include Mr. I. Lee Falk, Senior Counsel (Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP), Mr. Wayne H. Miller, CEO (Denali Fiduciary Management), Mr. James V. Morris, Senior Vice President (SEI Global Institutional Group) and Mr. Norman Jackson, Deputy Regional Director (United States Department of Labor - Employee Benefits Security Administration's Philadelphia Regional Office).

The general public is invited. There is a nominal fee of $50, payable at the door. The Eastern Finance Association is a non-profit organization. Its members include college and university professors, officers of financial institutions and organizations, and others interested in finance and the objectives of the EFA. The Association sponsors The Financial Review, a journal that publishes original empirical, theoretical, and methodological research providing new insights into issues of importance in all areas of financial economics.