Pension Risk Governance Blog Celebrates Seventh Birthday

I am delighted to announce our seventh year as an educational resource for the $30+ trillion global retirement plan industry. With over a million visitors to www.pensionriskmatters.com, I appreciate the ongoing feedback and encouragement from financial and legal readers. This blog began as a labor of love and continues to be personally rewarding as a way to help guide the discussions about pension risk, governance and fiduciary duties.

Here is a link to the March 25, 2013 Business Wire press release about www.pensionriskmatters.com, an educational pension risk governance blog for ERISA, public and non-U.S. pension plan trustees and their advisors.

As always, your input is important. Click to send an email with your comments and suggestions.

Thank you!

Pension Risk, Governance and CFO Liability

My November 2011 presentation about pension risk, governance and liability to financial executives struck a chord. Part of a Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") conference held at the New York Stock Exchange, attendees alternatively listened with interest while adding their insights from the front lines here and there. It is no wonder.

With ERISA litigation on the rise and 401(k) and defined benefit plan decisions often driving enterprise value in a material way, CFOs and treasurers have accepted the obvious. Corporate governance and pension governance are inextricably linked. Make a bad decision about an employee benefit plan and participants and shareholders alike may suffer. As a result, the CFO is exposed to fiduciary liability, career risk and the economic consequences of an outcome with broad impact.

Rather than rely on luck, there is no better time to apply discipline and rigor to employee benefit plan management for those companies that have not already done so. With trillions of dollars at stake, properly identifying, measuring and mitigating pension risks continues to be a critical element of fiduciary governance.

The complexity and ongoing nature of the risk management process is sometimes overlooked as less important than realizing a particular rate of return. Recent market volatility, large funding deficits and pressures from creditors, shareholders, rating agencies and plan participants make it harder for pension fiduciaries to avoid the adoption of some type of pro-active risk control strategy that effectively integrates asset and liability economics.

In "Pension risk, governance and CFO liability" by Susan Mangiero (Journal of Corporate Treasury Management, Henry Stewart Publications, Vol 4, 4, 2012, pages 311 to 323), the issues relating to a panoply of risks such as actuarial, fiduciary, investment, legal, operational and valuation uncertainties are discussed within a corporate treasury framework. Article sections include:

  • Enterprise risk management, employee benefit plans and the role of the CFO;
  • Conflicts of interest and pension plan management;
  • Risk management principles and 401(k) plans;
  • Pension liability and mergers, acquisitions and spinoffs;
  • Prudent process;
  • Pension risks; and
  • Benchmarking success.

Click to download "Pension risk, governance and CFO liability" by Dr. Susan Mangiero, CFA, FRM.

Pension Risk Management and Governance: Challenges and Opportunities in a New Era

 

Please join me and fellow panelists on January 24, 2012 fro. 4 to 6 pm for a topical discussion about pension risk management and governance. Given that the last few years have posed unprecedented challenges for plan sponsors, both corporate and public, as well as their asset managers and consultants, life in employee benefit land will never be the same again. Market volatility, low interest rates, increased scrutiny about carrying out fiduciary duties, calls for better disclosure and greater complexity keep pension decision-makers busy.

Hear what legal and financial professionals have to say about what keeps plan sponsors and their advisors and asset managers up at night and how they can implement best practices for pension risk management within a fiduciary framework.

The roster of speakers who will address both defined benefit and defined contribution plan best practices and concerns include:

  • Mr. William Carey, President, F-Squared Retirement Solutions
  • Attorney Gordon Eng, General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer, SKY Harbor Capital Management, LLC
  • Dr. Susan Mangiero, CFA, FRM, Risk and Valuation Consultant and Expert Witness
  • Attorney Martin J. Rosenburgh, CFA
Continue Reading...

Co-Leading Pension Risk Management Workshop in Orlando

I am off to Orlando to address the Florida Public Pension Trustees Association about pension risk management. I will be joined by an esteemed colleague, Dr. Michael Kraten, in a presentation about the fundamentals of enterprise risk management (including the famous COSO cube) and the role of the service provider in creating hedging programs and vetting asset managers who use derivatives. The workshop will include two case studies about foreign currency overlay programs and investing in hedge funds and private equity funds, respectively.

Having addressed the Florida Public Pension Trustees Association ("FPPTA") several times before about pension risk management, I am impressed with its commitment to fiduciary education about investment best practices.

Click here to review the FPPTA agenda for the 2011 summer conference.

Public Pension Risk Management and Fiduciary Liability

A few weeks ago, Attorney Terren B. Magid and Dr. Susan Mangiero jointly presented on the topic of pension risk management and fiduciary liability with a particular emphasis on public plans. Attorney Magid's insights reflect a particularly unique perspective inasmuch as he served as executive director of the $17 billion Indiana Public Employees' Retirement Fund ("PERF"). Dr. Mangiero shares her views as an independent risk management and valuation consultant, author, trainer and expert witness.

Click to download the 25-page webinar transcript for public pension fiduciaries entitled "Are You Properly Mitigating Risk? Assess Your Fiduciary IQ" with Attorney Terren B. Magid (Bingham McHale LLP) and Dr. Susan Mangiero (Fiduciary Leadership, LLC). Comments about ERISA plans are provided when applicable.

Topics discussed include, but are not limited, to the following:

  • Public Pension Transparency Act
  • Discount Rate Choice
  • Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Municipal Advisor Registration
  • Expanded Definition of ERISA Fiduciary
  • Fee Disclosure Under ERISA 408(b)(2)
  • Failure to Pay and Actuarially Required Contribution ("ARC")
  • Benefit Reductions
  • RFP Process
  • Fiduciary Audits
  • D&O Policy Review
  • Vendor Contract Examination
  • Qualitative and Quantitative "Investment Risk Alphabet Soup"
  • Interrelated Risk Factors
  • Key Person Risk
  • Hard to Value Investing
  • Model Risk
  • Stress Testing
  • Pension Litigation
  • Fiduciary Breach Vulnerability
  • Characteristics of a Good Model
  • Side Pockets and Investment Performance.

Comments are welcome.

New Book on 401(k) Issues

In Fixing the 401(k): What Fiduciaries Must Know (And Do) To Help Employees Retire Successfully, author Joshua P. Itzoe suggests that the 401(k) industry is broken and in bad need of repair. As many employers migrate away from defined benefit plans to defined contribution plans, it is critical to understand any weaknesses in the current system and work vigorously to correct them.

Chapter 1 states conflicts of interest and opaque fee disclosures as two of the biggest issues faced by the 401(k) industry. Chapter 3 explains basic fiduciary duties as codified by U.S. pension law in the form of ERISA, co-fiduciary liability and how fiduciary types differ from one another. Subsequent chapters are rich with descriptions of relevant industry players (and there are many of them), inherent conflicts of interest and the generally accepted compensation arrangement for each category of service provider. Though there is an entire chapter devoted to types of fees, it would have been nice to sink one's teeth into some meaty math examples, along with some empirical data about magnitude and dispersion of fees across plans. 

Written for 401(k) fiduciaries, the basic nature of the book is both refreshing but worrisome. If current plan fiduciaries (the target market for the book) are unaware of their core duties, how have they been getting along so far? Far from being pedantic, Mr. Itzoe includes several chapters with concrete advice for improving 401(k) fiduciary practices. His provision of important questions at the end of each chapter is a nice touch, along with some helpful appendices such as a "Sample Fiduciary Audit File," "20 Steps to 404(c) Compliance" and a relatively long glossary. There is no index but a short bibliography is provided for interested readers.

For more information, check out http://www.fixingthe401k.com/. Click to read the author's bio. At $13 and change, I recommend this primer. Kudos to Mr. Itzoe, CFP and Accredited Investment Fiduciary, for putting forth a solid book on an important topic.

Susan Mangiero Moderates Pension - Hedge Fund Mock Deposition


At a time when pensions, endowments and foundations are investing billions of dollars in alternatives such as hedge funds, responsible decision-makers must understand financial and legal risks. If they fail to dig deep or negotiate their interests properly (even when they use a consultant or fund of funds manager), fiduciary breach lawsuits could result. Join Dr. Susan Mangiero, AIFA, AVA, CFA, FRM (President of Pension Governance, LLC); ERISA attorney Noah Weissman (Bryan Cave LLP); and hedge fund attorney Nir Yarden (Bryan Cave LLP) for a mock deposition involving a pension fund’s investment in hedge funds, gone awry. Part of the Fiduciary 360 National Conference, audience members can see what happens during this discovery phase of litigation, watch and hear firsthand what someone in the “hot seat” is likely to experience and learn lessons about proper investment fiduciary process. According to Mangiero, author of "Risk Management for Pensions, Endowments and Foundations" and countless articles about investment risk and valuation, "The challenge is particularly acute when hedge funds invest in 'hard to value' assets or employ complex derivative instrument strategies. Identifying hidden risks can save institutional investors money, reduce stress and avoid harm to reputation."

For more information about this May 7 - 9, 2008 conference, go to www.fi360.com. For more information about pension best practices, visit www.pensiongovernance.com.

Pension Fund Grinch - Rate Cuts and Investment Complexity

Disappointing many, the Federal Reserve cut rates by a smaller amount than expected. Equity investors responded with a resounding hiss, sending the Dow Jones Industrial Average down nearly 300 points. Defined benefit plan managers can't be too happy either. After all, many of them have more money allocated to stocks than bonds. Then there is the matter of reported net unfunded liabilities rising as rates fall. What's an asset allocator to do?

This blog's author recently read survey results that suggest a significant migration to more complex securities. Not surprisingly, researchers describe a struggle on the part of investors and financial advisors who need higher returns but are not always comfortable that they understand the risks. (See "Financial Advisors to Embrace More Sophisticated Investment Products Over the Next Two Years, According to New Data from Cogent Research," Insurance Newscast, December 7, 2007.) 

I hate to say it folks but here goes. Why invest in something you don't understand? Isn't that part of the reason why the sub-prime debacle is starting to make the S&L crisis look like a walk in the park? Several incidents come to mind.

Following the 1987 market crash, equity put option writers sued their brokers, saying they did not understand the nearly unbounded downside, forcing some into bankruptcy. In the early 1980's, a handful of prominent institutional investors sued their bankers for putting them into complex, new fangled derivatives. One treasurer acknowledged the need to know more, exclaiming "Due to my inexperience, I placed a great deal of reliance on the advice of market professionals….. I wish I had more training in complex government securities."

Mark my words. The courts will be hearing a lot of cases that address who ultimately has responsibility for investment strategies gone awry. Pre-exemptively, pension funds must seek legal counsel to review their fiduciary duties. Nevertheless, as strategies become more complex, there will be sufficient numbers of investors who simply do not understand the risk and, absent good process, will lose money.

This gets back to a point made many times herein. Shouldn't pension decision makers (regardless of plan design) be required and/or encouraged to have a particular familiarity (experience, education) with investment and risk management?

The fact that no such certification requirement exists amazes and disturbs. 

Down by the Bayou (Hedge Fund), Judge Says Too Bad

Alleging breach of fiduciary duty, plaintiff South Cherry Street, LLC cited failure of consulting firm Hennessee Group to do proper due diligence of the now defunct hedge fund, Bayou Group. In response, federal judge Colleen McMahon "granted a defense motion to dismiss the case, finding that Hennessee wasn't alone in being duped by Bayou." (Click here to read the August 3, 2007 Reuters article.)

As several related cases make their way through the courts, pay attention to how the judge rules. Some experts suggest that institutions could be asked to assume more responsibility for the investments they make, even after hiring a consultant.

If true, things are likely to change. After all, why hire someone else if ultimate responsibility stays with the plan sponsor? The import is considerable. Trustees and other internal fiduciaries who now look to outside experts will have to become more expert themselves. (We've long advocated for better fiduciary training and selection standards, whether an outside firm is employed or not. Click here to read a recent blog post on the topic.)

Pension Fiduciaries - Time to Wake Up and Smell the Coffee, Part Three

In his pension blog, ERISA litigator Stephen Rosenberg recently wrote about the forthcoming legal battle between the San Diego County Employees Retirement Association ("SDCERA") and Amaranth Advisors, LLC. In response to an original complaint against the once mighty energy hedge fund, its high-power attorneys countered with a motion to dismiss. Claiming caveat emptor, defendants assert that the plan sponsor understood the risks and went ahead anyhow. Click here to read the original complaint and here to read the motion to dismiss.

How this case will be adjudicated is anyone's guess. Nevertheless, the outcome will be closely watched as it goes to the very heart of investment disputes by asking who bears responsibility.

In our kick-off of the Hedge Fund ToolboxSM webinar series on June 14, 2007, we heard from former FBI agent Mr. Ken Springer (now president of Corporate Resolutions) and senior attorney and former regulator, Rick Slavin (now partner of law firm Cohen and Wolf P.C.). Both gentlemen vigorously urged pension investors to undertake a background investigation of key principals, check documents and never shy away from asking tough questions. Springer added that "material non-disclosure of critical events in one's career" represents a major concern, along with the need to do additional follow-up to explain discrepancies. Late payment of credit card bills or a faillure to pay child support suggest carelessness with other people's money.

In his overview of case precedent and enforcement actions, Slavin offered that sloppy, obtuse or incomplete paperwork is usually the beginning of trouble. He reiterated that the use of outside parties does not absolve plan sponsors of their fiduciary duties. Oversight obligations remain.

Springer told listeners that Bayou's problems, pre-meltdown, were evident had investors carefully reviewed available facts. "Blatant conflicts of interest, overstating of employees' accomplishments, suits by former employees, suits filed by investors and even suits filed by hedge fund managers" should have caught investors' attention before money changed hands. Slavin suggests that we're in for a bumpy ride. "There is every indication that more litigation and enforcement is on its way."

Rosenberg agrees. "We are currently watching the rise of a pension/401(k) investment plaintiffs bar, clearly modeled after the securities litigation class action bar, ready and waiting to sue pension advisors and anyone else in the line of fire for excessive fees, poor investment choices, and anything else that affects returns in the plans." He adds that, "If the hedge fund’s lawyers are right, then aren’t the plan’s fiduciaries and other advisors potentially liable for breaching their own obligations to the plan and its participants to properly select and monitor plan investments? And if so, then their best defense should the newly forming class action bar come after them for this mess would be that, contrary to what the hedge fund’s lawyers say, they actually did full and complete due diligence, and therefore lived up to their obligations and cannot themselves be liable for the fact that the investment went south."

Wise words to remind us of the importance of good process!

If you are interested in purchasing the recordings of any webinars that have already taken place, click here. (Webinars are listed in chronological order.) Click here to register for any or all of the forthcoming webinars in this exciting new series. Speakers will address the roles of financial advisor and consultant on June 26. Valuation is the topic of the June 28 event.

Off to Fiduciary School



It's back to school time and that includes this author. I'm attending a training program to earn the Accredited Investment Fiduciary Analyst (TM) designation.

As we await Presidential approval of the Pension Protection Act of 2006, two and a half days spent discussing investment issues in a fiduciary context will keep attendees very busy.

Click here to access Financial-Planning.com's article about financial designations.