Fiduciary Duty to Hedge

Who would have thunk that a discussion about pension governance and risk management would keep audience members in their seats for nearly three hours? Yet that is what occurred on January 24, 2012 as a panel convened to discuss such weighty issues as whether companies have a fiduciary duty to hedge and whether inaction can lead to litigation.

In his opening remarks as part of a January 24, 2012 event that was hosted by the Hartford CFA Society, ERISA attorney Martin Rosenburgh cautioned that fiduciaries could find themselves open to questions for not taking steps to mitigate risks. Attorney Gordon Eng, a former litigator and now general counsel and Chief Compliance Officer for a high yield bond fund, adds that any investment decision should be supported with ample documentation that reflects a careful and thorough deliberation of the issues at hand.

For more details about this lively, topical and informative event, read "Considering a Duty to Hedge" by Christopher Faille.

ERISA Fiduciaries Under Attack: Key Litigation and Regulatory Developments

I am pleased to announce that I will be speaking in an upcoming live phone/web seminar entitled "ERISA Fiduciaries Under Attack: Key Litigation and Regulatory Developments" scheduled for Thursday, June 16, 1:00pm-2:30pm EDT.

Litigation surveys cite breach of fiduciary duties as a fast-growing driver of ERISA lawsuits involving securities fraud and questions about investment-risk governance and prudence. Economic losses and investment complexity are only a few reasons for continued new rules, regulations and claims.

In addition, significantly increased liability exposure is expected due to the SEC's and DOL's focus on expanding the definition of plan fiduciaries.

Evolving case law is putting plan sponsors and service providers in the spotlight as never before with regard to their investment-related processes. Litigation claims are focusing on who is making the investment decisions, and the due-diligence and other procedures these decision-makers use.

My fellow panelists and I developed this program to guide attorneys through the ERISA fiduciary minefields, address best practices for fiduciaries, discuss practical realities regarding case management and settlement, and recommend action steps for counsel to investment committees, board members and the advisers, consultants, appraisers, custodians and managers who provide products and services to employee benefit plan sponsors.

We will offer our perspectives and guidance on these and other critical questions

  • When are plans adopting risk management strategies?
  • What should the composition of the investment committee be?
  • How may an expanded "fiduciary" definition impact potential damages?
  • Does Dodd-Frank affect plan-management concerns?
  • How should insurance coverage be reviewed and managed?

After our presentations, we will engage in a live question and answer session with participants — so we can answer your questions about these important issues directly.

I hope you'll join us.

Click for more information or to register for this webinar about ERISA litigation.

Sincerely,

Susan Mangiero, PhD, CFA, FRM

Gateway to More ERISA Litigation

According to a March 30, 2011 regulatory update from attorneys at Goodwin Procter, ERISA litigation may increase as the result of U.S. Department of Labor ("DOL") efforts. Click to access "Regulatory Update - DOL Initiatives Potentially Affecting ERISA Litigation."

For one thing, should the definition of fiduciary be expanded, more persons will have potential liability. The pushback from various segments of the financial services industry has been considerable, leading to an extension of the time allowed for official comments through April 12, 2011.

A second hurdle to overcome emphasizes disclosure and takes the form of a final rule that goes into effect for plan years that start on or after November 1, 2011. Specifically, plan participants who are allowed to self-direct their investments must now be given granular performance and fee information about "designated investment alternatives," including identification of asset managers and arrangements and restrictions on brokerage accounts and participants' flexibility (or lack thereof) to give orders.

A third new item on the growing ERISA compliance checklist, if adopted by the DOL, will force service providers to submit a written statement of what services it will offer to the retirement plan(s) and copious data about how it expects to be indirectly and directly compensated.

I concur with the authors that more rules likely beget more lawsuits. Part of the current ills that the DOL seeks to cure is to make sure that a sufficient quantity and quality of information is available to decision-makers.

Clearly, more and better datapoints can be helpful. Absent an inflow of information, what are decision-makers doing now to properly carry out their fiduciary duties? Understanding what is or is not being conveyed as billions of dollars are committed is of significant import in terms of good process.

Note to Readers:

  • Click to read the 469 page transcript of March 1, 2011 testimony on the topic of an expanded definition of ERISA fiduciary.
  • Click to read the 387 page transcript of March 2, 2011 testimony on the topic of an expanded definition of ERISA fiduciary.

ERISA Litigation Conference

The American Conference Institute has generously offered a discount to readers of www.pensionriskmatters.com who want to attend the 3rd National Advanced Forum on Defending & Managing ERISA Litigation event in San Francisco on April 14 and 15, 2011. Click to download the agenda for this ERISA litigation conference that includes 3 circuit judges and 17 district judges as part of a terrific speaker roster. 

Interested persons who want to reserve at a discounted rate should email the American Conference Institute by February 11, 2011.

Dr. Susan Mangiero to Speak at ERISA Litigation Conference

Dr. Susan Mangiero, CFA, FRM joins an esteemed panel of speakers as part of "Conflicts in Plan Sponsor and Service Provider Relationships." She is joined by:

  • Attorney Michael J. Prame, Groom Law Group
  • Attorney Elizabeth J. Bondurant, Smith Moore Leatherwood LLP and
  • Attorney Bradley J. Schlichting.

According to the agenda, the panel will address the "unique issues that arise in connection with the provision of services to employee benefit plans, understanding the division of responsibilities and whether discretion has been delegated to the service provider, assessing the fiduciary status of third-part service providers" and much more.

Given current worldwide efforts to broaden the definition of who serves as a fiduciary and a classification of their duties, this panel's purview is timely and important.

Click to access the complete agenda for the American Conference Institute's ERISA Litigation event.

Advisor Service Agreements: The Weak Link

Today's blog post is provided, courtesy of Mr. Phil Chiricotti, President of the Center for Due Diligence. Since the topic of contract review as an important element of proper due diligence is one which I have addressed elsewhere on www.pensionriskmatters.com and in my articles and speeches, I asked Phil for permission to reprint his article and he kindly agreed.         

                                          Advisor Service Agreements: The Weak Link

Enormous attention has been centered on retirement plan fees in recent years, including the new 408(b)(2)disclosure requirements. The liability has also increased for those who fail to comply. Lost in this shuffle is the fact that fees are only one piece of the puzzle.

While a well drafted, reviewed and understood service agreement can help preclude errors and claims, the service agreement is also the primary defense against liability caused by service provider mistakes and negligence. In spite of this important role, many plan sponsors - particularly small plan sponsors - sign standard service agreements without adequate review or counsel.

In addition to agreeing to vague service agreements, some sponsors engage advisors without a service agreement or verification of insurance coverage and bonding. As noted many times, most small plan sponsors also lack first party fiduciary liability insurance. A combination of the aforementioned is nothing less than a nuclear accident waiting to happen.

The DOL's new regulations provide an increase in both fee disclosure and clarity for comparative shopping, but 408(b)(2) does not preclude the need for an equitable service agreement. In our minds, the service agreement remains a weak link in the advisor vetting process, particularly in the small plan market. Indeed, the service agreement may not even reflect what was discussed and/or negotiated during the vetting process.

As noted by many attorneys, ERISA's primary focus has been on regulating the relationship between plan sponsors and participants. Beyond prohibited transactions and prior to the DOL's new disclosure regulations, little guidance was provided on how to manage the relationship between sponsors and service providers, including those assuming a fiduciary role.

The courts have not spoken uniformly about recourse between the plan and outside fiduciaries, but the plan sponsor's supervisory role, or the lack of it, has come under intense scrutiny in recent years. Because errors and disputes are a fact of life, it is long past time for the service agreement to become an integral part of the advisor vetting process from the beginning.

 

Fiduciary Liability and Insurance Issues

Dr. Susan Mangiero joins a panel of senior-level insurance executives and attorneys for a discussion about ERISA best practices. Sponsored by the Risk and Insurance Management Society (RIMS), the April 28 discussion takes place in Boston and addresses financial, legal and operations challenges, along with suggested "must do" items. The program description is provided below or you can read more about "Coping Mechanisms: ERISA Best Practices."

Learn how to best to protect directors and officers in the event of plan-related litigation in this critical era of new litigation theories, legislation and aggressive enforcement. Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) litigation has spiked in the last year, spurred by plan investment losses, mass layoffs, benefit cutbacks and an invigorated plaintiff’s bar. New types of litigation, such as suits related to qualified default investments in 401(k) plans, are on the upswing. At the same time, leadership at the Department of Labor is spurring new enforcement strategies. Join this panel discussion of methods to avoid litigation and establish a record of procedural prudence, a critically important component in the defense of any ERISA litigation.

Presenters include:

Investment Governance, Inc. recently interviewed leading fiduciary liability insurance underwriters about their concerns for covered organizations to improve policies and procedures. Email Editors@InvestmentGovernance.com for a copy of the two-part interview series.

A Halloween Trick or a Halloween Trick from the Eighth Circuit?

ERISA legal expert and Ropes & Gray LLP partner, Attorney Andrew L. Oringer provides an interesting insight into a recent case about the investment of excess assets and prudence. The case he cites can be downloaded by clicking here. Note the court's opinion on page 5 wherein it writes that the plaintiff, seeking redress over a question of fees paid by the plan, cannot "bring suit because the plan's surplus was sufficiently large that the 'investment loss did not cause actual injury to plaintiff's interests in the Plan'."

Our thanks to Attorney Oringer for his contribution, provided below.

A Scary Halloween Gift from the Eighth Circuit?

So here's a question - you're managing an overfunded defined benefit plan (remember those) and you want to let your guard down. You want to roll the dice a bit or push the limit of what you can do with ancillary (non-investment) motivations, and you figure you can do so because you're playing with house money. At least, you want to play around just with some of the excess. Or maybe you're just a touch careless, albeit unintentionally so. What's the big deal?  After all, participants and beneficiaries are going to get their money, without government help, unless the whole overfunded thing goes to heck in a hand basket and turns radically south.

Now, you'd expect that you might be on the wrong end of this one, so, as your feet get colder, you poke around a bit. And what do you find? You find that you may indeed have a friend or two in the Eighth Circuit with an ever-so-slightly delayed Halloween present for you.  In McCullough v. AEGON USA, No. 08-1952 (8th Cir. Nov. 3, 2009), which follows its earlier decision in Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, 284 F.3d 901 (8th Cir. 2002), the Eighth Circuit in effect seems to hold that one cannot violate the prudence rules with respect to the investment of excess assets.  (Note that the widely discussed 3M case may well be wrong on both of the issues considered there.)  Assuming AEGON is not reviewed en banc and reversed on rehearing, its confirmation of the 3M decision seems like a welcome development for those seeking to limit potential liability for investment decisions under a DB plan.

My advice, however, is to be careful, real careful, even in the Eighth Circuit. The reasoning of AEGON and 3M is so suspect that, outside the Eighth Circuit you would draw comfort from these cases at your own peril, and, even within the Eighth Circuit, I think you'd have to be at least a little concerned that any given case could be reversed by the nine old and young men and women in the black robes. Having said that, the cases are certainly nice precedent if you need to use them defensively

So: "Boo" or "Boo!" depending on your perspective.

ERISA Attorney Gives PensionLitigationData.com Thumbs Up

Boston ERISA & Insurance Litigation blogger, attorney Stephen Rosenberg, gives our just launched litigation database passing marks. In his January 17, 2008 post, Stephen writes:

<< Dying is easy, comedy is hard? No, ERISA is hard. I tell people all the time that there is almost no such thing as a simple answer to an ERISA related question, or at least no such thing as a straightforward answer. There are entire chapters in ERISA treatises dedicated to the seemingly, but actually not, question of the proper manner in which to request plan documents so as to invoke the statutory obligations, upon financial penalty, imposed on administrators to produce them. Or take the question of equitable relief in a cause of action brought under ERISA; in almost every other area of the law, we all know what equitable relief is, but in ERISA, we have to engage in a historical inquiry into the development of the law of remedies to know if a particular claim is equitable or not.

Now when you add in on top the fact that ERISA and its imposition of fiduciary obligations is beginning to supplant securities litigation theories as a method for suing corporations and investment banks for subprime, stock drop and other investment losses, as discussed here for instance, you can see just how complicated the topic becomes, as well as how potentially dangerous for fiduciaries and plan sponsors are the issues raised by ERISA. And of course, that’s what makes practicing in this area fun for those of us who handle these types of cases. But it also makes thorough and timely analysis of litigation risks and exposures crucially important, and what looks to be a promising new internet based research tool to help with this is now available. Pension Litigation Data is now up and running on line, and is meant to be a tool that will allow up to the minute research into the numerous pension related lawsuits pending in United States courts. The subscriber based site “debuts with over 1,500 retirement plan legal actions, each classified by nearly 100 fields, including court circuit, type of allegation, plaintiff, defendant and date [and provides a] continuously updated and searchable database” on the subject. A joint venture of a couple of companies, including fellow blogger Susan Mangiero of Pension Governance LLC, I think it looks promising, and you may want to take a look. >>

Editor's Notes:

1. Click here to access Stephen's interesting blog.

2. PensionLitigationData.com is a joint venture of The Michel-Shaked Group and Pension Governance, LLC.

 

 

 

Pension Litigation Database Launches as Lawsuits Surge

PensionLitigationData.com debuts with over 1,500 retirement plan legal actions, each classified by nearly 100 fields, including court circuit, type of allegation, plaintiff, defendant and date. A joint venture of Pension Governance, LLC and The Michel-Shaked Group, this continuously updated and searchable database reflects the dramatic rise in pension lawsuits. Market volatility, complex investment strategies, new accounting rules, federal regulations and heightened scrutiny of financial decision-making are a few of the many reasons that explain the addition of hundreds more cases each quarter.

This unique web-enabled tool helps attorneys, trustees, board members and policy-makers to better understand the nature of individual pension lawsuits and related litigation trends, thereby encouraging improved practices. “We’re excited to introduce PensionLitigationData.com as a way to stimulate the conversation about fiduciary responsibilities,” said Dr. Susan Mangiero, President and CEO of Pension Governance, LLC. “Litigation is a fact of life now. Regardless of plan type, those in charge need to understand the personal and professional liability. Our hope is that subscribers can learn valuable lessons about what to avoid.” Co-founder of The Michel-Shaked Group, Dr. Israel Shaked urges outside and corporate counsel to pay close attention to ERISA cases, adding “These lawsuits are greater in number, more severe and often accompany securities litigation filings, including class actions.”

A charter annual subscription rate of $695 provides unlimited access to the site, saves decision-makers countless hours of research time and offers otherwise hard-to-find intelligence about pension litigation issues. Users will find cases about a variety of topics such as prudence, duty to monitor, reasonableness of fees and plan design. Circuit commentaries written by and for attorneys are available and cover numerous retirement plan pain points that challenge sitting fiduciaries and their service providers. Assessing statistical patterns, evaluating case precedents, tracking fiduciary hot button issues by circuit, case type and time to settlement are just a few of the information tools you will find here.

For more information, visit www.pensionlitigationdata.com.

Compliance and Litigation Remain Hot Button Issues



According to Fulbright & Jaworski partner and global chair of the Litigation Department, Stephen C. Dillard, fear may be appropriate with respect to all things litigation. In "Litigation Nation" (Wall Street Journal, November 25, 2006), Dillard describes results from their third Litigation Trend Survey, emphasizing an increasing upward trend in lawsuits here and abroad. "Even we were surprised by the volume and scope of legal actions across all major industries and regardless of company size."

Besides finding that "Some 89% of companies report being hit with at least one new lawsuit in the past year," companies stateside "face an average of 305 lawsuits pending world-wide." At the same time, "companies with sales of $1 billion or more" face an average of 556 cases, "with 50 fresh suits emerging each year for nearly half of these firms."

The cost of litigation is far from trivial. The survey cites corporate legal expenditures averaging $12 million, up from $8 million last year and with some industries - engineering and insurance - spending over $35 million.

Given the nature of this blog, www.pensionriskmatters.com, what caught my eye were the assertions that "more than half of the in-house counsel cited employment as their top litigation concern" and that "disputes over wages and hours can be brought as class actions in many jurisdictions, creating more waves of litigation."

Other press accounts about corporate lawsuits are similarly engaging.

According to the Chief Legal Officer Survey 2006, compliance and litigation are huge concerns. Conducted by Altman Weil, Inc. and LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell, respondents lament that time and money used to fight and/or prevent lawsuits could not be otherwise used to grow the company.

New York Times reporter Paul B. Brown describes the concept of litigation funding companies in "What's Offline: Next, a Lawsuit Futures Exchange?" Citing Joshua Lipton in "Litigation 2006," Brown informs that hedge funds are researching the possibilities of investing now in anticipation of enjoying hefty case outcomes later on. That same supplement to the American Lawyer & Corporate Counsel includes a piece by Alison Frankel that offers insight about the globalization of litigation.

Lest you need more of a reminder that a sea change is upon us, consider the U.S. Appeals Court decision that found a fiduciary personally liable for nearly $180,000 due to losses realized by the International Brotherhood of Industrial Workers Health and Welfare Fund. In "Ruling highlights fiduciary need for hindsight", Reid and Riege attorneys David M.S. Shaiken and Eileen M. Marks describe the serious fallout from Chao v. Merino, 452 F.3d 174 (2d Cir. 2006), stating that the individual in question "was permanently prohibited from serving as a fiduciary or service provider to any employee benefit plan."

Other excerpts from the November 2006 Employee Benefit News article merit attention.

1. "The Court of Appeals' holding underscores how important it is for new plan fiduciaries to inform themselves thoroughly about a plan's operations, consultants and service providers with whom the plan has contracted. New fiduciaries should raise with co-fiduciaries any concerns about existing relationships after conducting their review.

2. The mere fact that an imprudent relationship predates a fiduciary's tenure does not shield the fiduciary from liability. The duties to be informed about plan business and to act prudently include a duty to be informed about, raise objections to, and protect the fund from any imprudent relationships that are in place with consultants and service providers when a fiduciary's term begins.

3. Plan fiduciaries may wish to review their and their plan's insurance coverage. ERISA plan fiduciary liability insurance covers claims against current and former plan trustees and, if they are named in the policy, plan administrators who have fiduciary duties. In case of a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, within the insurance policy's limits the insurer provides and pays for defense counsel, and indemnifies the plan fiduciary from liability, provided that the claim is not excluded from the policy's coverage."

Given the tsunami of litigation (with all indications that more is on its way), pension fiduciaries need to assess their personal and professional risk.

It's scary stuff indeed. Email us if you want to know more about our fiduciary and board training programs. If you are an attorney, ask to receive our complimentary pension governance kit.

Pension Fiduciary Liability - Busy Times Ahead



The life of a pension fiduciary is no bowl of cherries. As I wrote on May 16 of this year, I parenthetically asked why anyone would want to be a fiduciary. Their job is critical to the process but less than easy.

"Often the pay is bad and the hours are long. (Individuals seldom receive any additional compensation at the same time that they are asked to assume significant responsibilities that put them directly in the 'line of fiduciary fire.') One might say it's like being asked to constantly eat your peas without any hope of ever getting dessert." (Click here if you want to read the entire post entitled "Who Wants to be a Fiduciary Anyhow?")

In "Liability of plan fiduciaries a still-growing concern", journalist Marion Davis (Providence Business News, November 11, 2006) writes that, post-Enron, employers are more aware of their fiduciary duties to "manage the plan honestly" and to "manage it reasonably well and provide accurate and complete information to participants."

She cites attorney Richard D. Hoffman with Nixon Peabody as saying that "he has seen a growing number of employers buy insurance to protect themselves from ERISA claims" at the same time that the "number of claims has increased as well" and "plantiffs have become more sophisticated."

Issues such as fees are just the tip of the iceberg. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 adddresses valuation and a cornucopia of investment-related issues such as qualified alternatives for 401(K) plan participants. The article quotes attorney David C. Morganelli with Partridge, Snow & Hahn as recognizing a heightened awareness of what is at stake, adding that "lawyers such as himself have been answering an increasing number of questions about obligations and liabilities under that law and under ERISA."

In January 2007, our sister company, Pension Governance, LLC, will be unveiling a searchable pension litigation database, along with regular updates about trends and highlighted cases as pertains to financial issues. We started on the database over ten months ago and quickly realized that the volume of cases to be analyzed and catalogued dwarfed our original expectations.

The good news is that there are many things that can be done upfront to mitigate fiduciary risk. The questions for pension fiduciaries are threefold. Are they fully aware of all relevant risks? Do they know what has to be done? Are they ready to move forward?

We'd love to give you our take. Email us if you want to be notified of the pension litigation database launch and/or would like to get our thoughts about the challenges that loom ahead.

Editor's Note:
Please be reminded that we do not provide accounting, investment or legal advice. We provide independent research and analysis to pension fiduciaries and/or their attorneys in the areas of financial risk, derivatives, valuation, fee economics, disclosure best practices, questions of suitability and prudential process as relates to financial/economic issues. In addition, we offer training and consultation to boards, investment committees, trustees, regulators and pension-focused money managers in the areas of financial risk and valuation.